EXERCISE II, Part A(translate from egyptian to english)

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EX. II, Part A.

(Transliteration and translation of hieroglyphs into english)

See the Ashmoleum Museum answers. Mine are similar except that I would begin ALL sentences with the particle iw (thereby making them plain, independent statements) whereas Gardiner has only done this occasionally.

	TRANSLITERATION	TRANSLATION
	1 [iw] wbn ra m Axt	Ra (the sun god ) rises/shines from/on the horizon. With initial iw, this is a verbal statement with Ra as the (nominal) subject and wbn ... m Ax.t as the verbal predicate (consisting of the verb and a prepositional phrase (prep.+noun, ie.'from the horizon'). The PP acts as an adverbial modifier. The verb, wbn, is the aorist/circumstantial form. The subject is the sun-god, not simply the sun, as shown by the god determinant.
	2. [iw] Dd z gr s.t	The man speaks when the woman is silent. Verbal sentence. Subject (z, man). Verb (Dd). Subordinate clause is a verbal phrase with subject s.t (woman) and verb gr (be silent) in cirumstantial form (...when the woman is silent.") since it is not introduced by iw.
	3. [iw] xd sS m dp.t r niw.t tn	The scribe fares downstream in a boat to this town. Verbal sentence. Subject is sS (scribe), verb is xdi (go north/downstream) and is the aorist/circumstantial form, predicate is xd...m dp.t r niw.t tn. Prepositional phrases consisting of preposition + noun, include m dp.t, (in a/the boat), and r niw.t tn, to/toward this town/city. They act as adverbial modifiers of the predicate verb.
	4. [iw] sDm sS pn n ptH	This scribe obeys (hearkens to) Ptah. Verbal statement of fact. Subject is sS pn, this scribe. Verb is sDm (to hear); aorist/circumstatial form. Verbal predicate is sDm .. n ptH, hearkens to/obeys Ptah.
	5. iw ra m pt Hna iaH	The sun is in the sky together with the moon Non-verbal statement of fact (or simply a sentence with adverbial predicate). Prepositional phrases (prep + noun) , acting as adverbial modifiers, are m pt,' in the sky'; and Hna iaH, 'together with the moon'.
	6. [iw] xm sS ky sxr	The scribe doesn't know another plan. Verbal sentence. Subject is sS, scribe. Verb is xm, 'not know', 'be ignorant of'; aorist/circumstantial form. Object is ky sxr another plan. Verbal predicate (verb+direct object) is xm...ky sxr.
	7. [iw] hAi dp.t pn r S	This boat descends to the lake. * (note I have deleted the second sentence, as it makes no sense). Verbal sentence. Subject is nominal (dp.t pn, 'this boat'). Verb is intransitive, and modified by the following prepositional phrase (acting as an adverbial modifier), r S, 'to the lake'.
	8. [iw] sDm nDs pn rn	This commoner hears the name. Verbal sentence. Subject is nDs pn, this citizen. Verb is sDm, to hear; aorist/circumstantial form. Object is rn, 'a/the name'. Verbal predicate (verb+direct object) is sDm ... rn, 'hears the name'.
	9. iw ky s m pr pn	Another man is in this house. Non-verbal statement of fact (or adverbial sentence). Subject is ky s, 'another man'. Adverbial predicate (consisting of a prepositional phrase) is m pr pn,'in this house'.

Notes: (for those that are interested)

Verbal statement/sentence: this follows the ideas of Mark Collier, Antonio Loprieno and others who take these types of sentences as verbal, ie. similar to the english translation of this example ('Ra rises from the horizon'). In Polotskyan grammar these would be classified as adverbial, something like: "It is that Ra rises from the horizon", but the polished english translation by this grammar would still be given as 'Ra rises from the horizon'.

circumstantial verb form: This is the name given to this commonly used, unmarked, sDm=f / sDm.n=f verb form within Polotskyan school.The general linguistics school, eg. Antonio Loprieno, would describe the verb form as untransformed and 'aorist'. I try and use both in my descriptions.