From: "Daniel Hunt" To: Subject: AEL A new etymology of Djehuty? Date: Wed, 4 Jul 2007 12:55:47 -0600 Dear List Members: My attention was recently drawn to an Egyptian baboon deity named DjehDjeh (DHDH). The repetition that is obvious in Djeh-Djeh caused me to consider the possibility that the name could be imitative in origin. So I wrote to two world experts on baboon vocalizations, Drs. Seyfarth and Cheney, of Penn State, and asked whether there's a vocalization among the Hamadrayas baboons which could have been represented or "mimicked" by 'Djeh! - Djeh!'. In response, Dr. Dorothy Cheney pointed me at her web site page with baboon vocalizations: http://www.psych.upenn.edu/~seyfarth/Baboon%20research/vocalizations.htm If you go to listen to these calls, pay close attention to the various kinds of barks. In my opinion, these two-phase calls could easily have been rendered by 'Djeh-Djeh'. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin claimed that DH-DH tied in with Cushitic gwa-gwa / gaw-gaw, "(large) monkey", but he admits that the data are too scarce and unreliable to really postulate an Afroasiatic word. It seems clear to me that the Cushitic word is likewise a sound mimicking word, and then to go apply Afroasitaic sound shifts to it would be very dubious. To go a step further, I wonder whether it is possible that the above mentioned baboon call, of purely imitative origin, could have yielded a hypothetical word/name for the sacred baboon, *DH(w). This occured to me as Hopfner's proposed a hypothetical word *DH(w ) for 'ibis', to explain the problematic name of the god Thoth (DHw.t.y), but to my knowledge his hypothetical word for ibis cannot be backed up with ancient Egyptian or Afroasiatic examples? I would be very interested in getting feedback on this idea. Thank you. Daniel Hunt ============================================================================== From: "tkelly" To: "'Ancient Egyptian Language List'" Subject: RE: AEL A new etymology of Djehuty? Date: Fri, 6 Jul 2007 13:42:37 -0700 David, An imitative origin for Djeh-Djeh has merit. Jaromir Malek states, on page 25, in The Cat in Ancient Egypt: ". There was only one word for cat in pharaonic Egypt which we can find in the hieroglyphic writing. It was the onomatopoeic miu or mii (feminine miit), imi (feminine imiit or miat) in demotic, the penultimate stage of the Egyptian language, and emu or amu in Coptic, written from c. the third century AD. The cat was simply '(s) he who mews,' and as we shall see, this was how the Egyptians themselves understood it.". If the "miu" from a cat became the word for cat then it is possible that the bark from a baboon could become the word for baboon. Tom Kelly ============================================================================== Date: Fri, 06 Jul 2007 12:28:44 -0500 From: Robert Myers To: Ancient Egyptian Language List Subject: Re: AEL A new etymology of Djehuty? Have the similarities between the male baboon calls and the Egyptian words jaH(w) and jan been noted? ============================================================================== Date: Fri, 06 Jul 2007 13:20:09 -0500 From: Robert Myers To: Ancient Egyptian Language List Subject: Re: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 21.2 Hi; May we not infer, here, from the context, that the meaning may include to "pass" sentence, rather than elsewhere, to "execute" sentence? "Let be brought unto me a prisoner upon whom sentence has been passed." Bob > > Question: > > > > Faulkner gives one translation of wdj as `execute sentence' and > > Gardiner as `inflict'. > > > > If wd was the Prospective then > xnrj wd nkn.f could read literally: > > > > `a prisoner will be executed/inflicted his punishment' > > or `a prisoner whose punishment will be carried out' > > > > > > > > > jmj jn.tw n.j xnrj wd nkn.f ============================================================================== Date: Sun, 08 Jul 2007 02:03:35 -0500 From: Robert Myers To: Ancient Egyptian Language List Subject: Re: AEL A new etymology of Djehuty? Hi; DHDH seems to have an onomatopoeic origin in any case, since DH can mean "blade" and DHDH can mean "to hack up". The sound of a blade hitting a log may have supplied the sound for such words? Also, I think that the image of the ape god who is a "destroyer" may have held a place in the Egyptian mind not unlike Eddie Izzard's "a monkey with a gun". Perhaps DHwty somehow depicts the gentler side of the baboon: http://www.flickr.com/photo_zoom.gne?id=479346036&size=l who at times may have seemed rather chaotic. Bob ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 21.9 Date: Tue, 3 Jul 2007 23:44:25 -0500 21.9 jr jn.k, jmj n sn.k Grammar: This is a conditional sentence ("If A, then B.") with the prospective form of the verb in the 'if' part, and an imperative in the second part. jnj (verb 3-weak); 'to get' jr - introductory word used to introduce a conditional sentence; see Allen 19.7. Can be translated as 'if' or 'when'. There we saw the subjunctive being used in the conditional due to the inherent uncertain or conditional sense, but in this sentence the (active) prospective is used. It is used in its normal sense of an action that has not yet happened. That's probably why Allen did not translate this sentence as "IF you get (something)", but rather as "WHEN you get something." It's not a question as to whether something will be gotten, or not. Something WILL be received; perhaps it's only a question of when. Anyway, WHEN you get something, what should you do? You should give it to your brother. jm(j) is the irregular imperative form of rdj 'to give'. sn (noun); 'brother' sn.k (noun phrase); your brother Actually, this distinction between the indicative and the subjunctive is still alive in many languages, For instance, in Spanish I bought a house that has 10 rooms. "Compre una casa que TIENE 10 cuartos." But..... I need a house that has 10 rooms "Necesito una casa que TENGA 10 cuartos" 21.9 jr jn.k jm(j) n sn.k When you get, give to your brother. jr = "when/if", introduces a conditional sentence jn.k = "you get", prospective jmj = "give", imperative n sn.k = "to your brother", dative This is a conditional sentence. The conditional clause (protasis) is 'jr jn.k' and the main clause (apodosis) is 'jmj n sn.k'. The verb in the protasis is often subjunctive, but that is not not the casehere, since the subjunctive of 'jnj' is 'jnt'. In a number of contexts in which the subjunctive is normally used, including in conditional sentences, Middle Egyptian can use the prospective (§21.6). So 'jn.k' is = prospective. The means 'If/when you get/fetch/use'. The object of the verb is = undefined. The main clause starts with the irregular imperative 'jmj', "Give!". Theremainder is a dative 'n sn.k', "to your brother". Again the object is undefined. The whole sentence is a generic one: "If/when you get (things), give (them)to you brother." 21.9 jr jn.k jmj n sn.k jr - if (protasis) jnj - to fetch, to get jmj - (imperative) give, put, cause n - to (dative) sn.k - your brother SO: If you get, give to your brother. ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 21.8 Date: Tue, 3 Jul 2007 23:43:12 -0500 21.8 transliteration: nn Tw mm.sn nj wnn.k mm.sn translation: You are not among them; you will not be among them There are two main clauses in the sentence. The first clause is 'nn Tw mm.sn' and is a negated adverbial sentence. Adverbial sentences are negated using the negative particle 'nn' which starts off the sentence here. This is followed by the 2MS dependent pronoun 'Tw' which serves as the subject ("you") of the sentence. The adverbial predicate is the prepositional phrase 'mm.sn'; the preposition 'mm' means "among", and the 3P suffix pronoun 'sn' attached to 'mm' is the object ("them") of the preposition. Putting it together, the first clause translates as "you are not among them". The second clause is 'nj wnn.k mm.sn'. This is a verbal clause involving the negation of the prospective of the 2ae-gem. verb 'wnn'. The form of the prospective of this verb has a geminated stem: 'wnn'. The prospective is negated by the negative particle 'nj'. Attached to 'wnn' is the 2MS suffix pronoun 'k' which serves as the subject ("you") of the clause. Last in the clause is the prepositional phrase 'mm.sn'. As noted above, this prepositional phrase means "among you". The prospective of 'wnn' is being used here to transform a clause with an adverbial predicate into one that has the specific nuances of the prospective: specifically, that the situation expressed by the adverbial predicate has not yet occurred. Here the cognate sentence with adverbial predicate is 'nn Tw mm.sn' which means "you are not among them". Replacing 'nn Tw' with the negated prospective form 'nj wnn.k' gives the sentence a specifically future meaning: "you will not be among them". 21.8 nn Tw mm.sn nj wnn.k mm.sn You are not among them and you will not be among them. nn = not -negates an adverbial sentence Tw = you, 2ms dependent pronoun, the subject mm.sn = among them, prepositional phrase, the predicate nj wnn.k = you will not be, prospective mm.sn = among them? This exercise contains two main clauses. The first is an adverbial sentence Tw mm.sn. Because it starts with the negative particle nn, The pronomial subject is expressed by a dependent pronoun Tw. This sentence is not marked for time; it can mean You are not among them, but can also have past or future meaning. The second sentence uses a form of the verb wnn to allow the adverbial sentence to function like a specific verb form. The geminated stem indicated that wnn is either imperfective or prospective, but the imperfective negated by nj is not attested (§20.15); so the verb nj wnn.k is prospective. Without wnn this sentence would be the same as the preceding one. The prospective describes future action (§21.7). So this sentence is You will not be among them. The second sentence must be saying something different from the first. Hencethe first sentence does not refer to the future, but to some other time. The simplest interpretation is that it is present. ************************************************************************* 21.8 ORIENTATION: Right to left, Horizontal, Normal TRANSLITERATION: nn Tw mm.sn nj wnn.k mm.sn TRANSLATION: "You are not among them, you will not be among them." VOCABULARY: nn = negative particle Tw = dependent pronoun, 2ms mm = preposition = "among" sn = suffix pronoun, 3cp wnn = verb, 3gem = "be" GRAMMAR: nn Tw mm.sn = adverbial sentence/clause negated by nn. wnn = prospective active (21.7). nj wnn.k = negated prospective active phrase. mm.sn = prepositional phrase. GARDINER SIGNS: D35:N35:V13-G43-G17-G17-S29-N35:D35-E34:N35-N35:V31-G17-G17-S29-N35 D35:N35 nn-complement V13-G43 T-w G17-G17-S29-N35 m-m-s-n D35 nj E34:N35-N35:V31 wn-complement-n-k G17-G17-S29-N35 m-m-s-n ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 21.7 Date: Tue, 3 Jul 2007 23:42:00 -0500 21.7 read right to left nj xsff.j nj jT wj hh n At.k, jn pr Snaw m r.k r.j, nj Sm.j Hr wAt jAdw I will not be barred, the blast of your moment of rage will not take me, a ban will not come out of your mouth against me, I will not walk on the road of Iadu. nj particle will not xsff verb 3-lit barred .j personal pronoun I nj particle will not jT 3ae-inf. take wj dependent pronoun me hh noun blast n preposition of At .k personal pronoun your nj particle will not pr verb 3ae-inf come out Snaw noun ban m preposition of r.k your mouth r.j against me nj particle will not Sm verb 3ae-inf. walk .j personal pronoun I Hr preposition on wAt noun road jAdw noun Iadu 21.7 read from right to left nj xsff.j, nj jT wj hh n At.k, nj pr Snaw m r.k r.j, nj Sm.j Hr wAt jAdw nj - negative particle xsff.j - verb, 3-lit. (geminated) plus 1S suffix pronoun, prospective passive, = I will not be barred non-verbal (adverbial) clause: nj - negative particle hh - noun = blast (of fire) n - preposition = of At.k - noun plus 2MS suffix pronoun = your moment I really can't figure this one out. nj - negative particle pr - verb (prj) 3ae-inf., prospective = emerge, issue, go up Snaw - noun = ban m - preposition = from r.k - noun plus 2MS suffix pronoun = your mouth r.j - preposition plus 1S = against me (see 8.2.7) This follows basic word order = A ban will not emerge from your mouth against me. nj - negative particle Sm.j - verb (Smj) 3ae-inf., prospective = I will walk Hr - preposition = on wAt - noun = road with the above preposition is indirect genitive jAdw - proper noun = Iadu this is a direct genitive =I will not walk on the road to Iadu. 21.7 nj xsff.j nj jT wj hh n At.k nj pr Snaw m r.k r.j nj Sm.j Hr wAt jAdw I shall not be barred. The blast of your moment of rage will not take me. A ban will not issue from your mouth against me. I shall not walk the on road of Iadu. nj xsff.j = I shall not be barred, prospective passive nj jT = will not take, prospective wj = me, 1s dependent pronoun, object of jT hh n At.k = the blast of your moment of rage, subject of jT nj pr = will not issue, prospective Snaw = a ban, subject of pr m r.k = from your mouth, prepositional phrase r.j = against me, prepositional phrase nj Sm.j = I shall not walk, prospective Hr wAt jAdw = on the road of Iadu, prepositional phrase In this fragment from the Coffin Texts there are four sentences, each beginning with nj?. In the first sentence the verb nj xsff.j can be recognised as prospective passive by its geminated stem. According to the dictionary at the back of Allen, this is either 3-lit. xsf, bar, punish? or 4ae-inf. xsfj, meet, oppose. Either would have the same form in the prospective passive. Allen translates I will not be barred - possibly at one of the gates in the netherworld. Because the first sentence talks is prospective passive, talking about the future, it makes sense to interpret all the other verbs as being prospective (active). The second sentence is nj jT wj hh n At.k. Here, following the normal word order, hh n At.k, the (fiery) blast of your moment of rage is the subject and wj is the object. The third sentence starts with nj pr Snaw, A ban will not issue. This is followed by two prepositional phrases, m r.k, from your mouth, and r.j against me. In the final sentence the verb is nj Sm.j?, I shall not walk. The remainder is Hr wAt jAdw, on the road of Iadu, which Allen explains is a region of the underworld. 21.7 nj xsff.j nj jt wj hh n At.k nj pr Snaw m r.k r.j nj Sm.j Hr wAt jAdw nn = proclitic particle = not xsf = verb 3 lit = bar, punish xsfj = verb 4 ae-inf = meet, oppose The geminated stem indicates that this is the prospective passive, but I am not sure that you can tell which of the two verbs it is, however Allen goes for ?bar? xsff.j = prospective passive + suffix pronoun = I will be barred nj xsff.j = I will not be barred Allen indicates in the answer that all further verbs are prospective active because the first clause is future rather than past nj = proclitic particle = not jtj = verb 3ae-inf = take possession of jt = prospective active = will take possession of wj = dependent pronoun = me nj jt wj = will not take possession of me hh = noun = blast (of fire) n = genitival adjective = of At.k = noun + suffix pronoun = your moment of rage (there is at least one determinative missing) hh n At.k = the blast of your moment of rage nj jt wj hh n At.k = the blast of your moment of rage will not take possession of me (Initially I puzzled as to why the phrase ?hh n At.k? came at the end and not at the beginning of the clause, but I assume that the whole phrase is considered to be the subject and the order is verb-subject) nj = proclitic particle = not prj = verb 3ae-inf = go up, emerge, issue pr = prospective active = will emerge Snaw = noun = ban nj pr Snaw = a ban will not emerge m = preposition = from r.k = ideogram + suffix pronoun = your mouth r.j = preposition + suffix pronoun = your mouth nj pr Snaw m r.k r.j = a ban will not emerge from your mouth nj = proclitic particle = not Smj = verb 3ae-inf = go, walk Sm.j = prospective active + suffix pronoun = will walk nj Sm.j = I will not walk Hr = preposition = on, upon wAt = noun = road jAdw = Iadu Hr wAt jAdw = on the road of Iadu nj Sm.j Hr wAt jAdw = I will not walk on the road of Iadu nj xsff.j nj jt wj hh n At.k nj pr Snaw m r.k r.j nj Sm.j Hr wAt jAdw = I will not be barred, the blast of your moment of rage will not take possession of me, a ban will not emerge from your mouth, I will not walk on the road of Iadu 21.7 Allen: jAdw = "Iadu", a region in the netherworld ORIENTATION: Right to left, Horizontal, Normal TRANSLITERATION: nj xsf wj hh n at.k TRANSLATION: "I will not be punished, the flame will not take me in your moment, the ban will not go forth from your mouth concerning me, I will not walk upon the road of Iadu." VOCABULARY: xsf = verb, 3lit = "bar, punish" j = suffix pronoun, 1cs xsf = verb, 3lit = "bar, punish" xsfj = verb, 4inf = "meet, oppose" (Faulkner shows no such verb) jtj = verb, 3inf = "take", "take possession of" + m hh = noun, m = "blast of fire" At = noun, m = "moment, moment of rage" Snaw = noun, m = "ban" m = preposition r = mouth k = suffix pronoun, 2ms r = preposition Smj = verb, 3inf = "go, walk" Hr = preposition wAt = noun, f = "road" jAdw = noun, m., propert noun GRAMMAR: nj = negates the prospective forms, occurs several times in this sentence. xsff.j = prospective passive (this form is taken by both 3lit and 4inf verbs). j is the subject. jt wj hh = Paradigm VoS, prospective active form = "the fire will take me". m At = prepositional phrase of time. At.k = suffix pronoun in direct genitive. pr Snaw = Paradigm VS, prospective active = "the ban will go forth" m r.k = prepositional phrase, "from your mouth". r.k is a direct genitive. r.j = prepositional phrase, "concerning me, about me" Sm.j = Paradigm Vs, prospective active = "I will walk" Hr wAt jAdw = prepositional phrase = "Upon the way of Iadu". wAt jAdw is a direct genitive. GARDINER SIGNS: D35-U34-I9:I9-A24-A1-D35:V15-G43-A1-O4-O4-Q7-N35-G1-X1*Z5:V31-D35- O1:D21-D54-V7:N35!D36-G43-U13-G17-D21*Z1:V31-D21-A1-D35:N40-G17-A1-D2- N31:X1*Z1-M17-G1-D46-G43-O1 D35 nj U34-I9:I9-A24-A1 xsf-complement-f- Det. FORCE, EFFORT- Determinative MAN D35 nj V15 jt G43-A1 w-j O4-O4-Q7 h-h-Det FIRE N35 n G1-X1*Z5:V31 A-t- diagonal stroke, replacement for complex or dangerous signs.-k D35 nj O1:D21-D54 pr-complement-Det MOTION V7:N35!D36-G43-U13 Sn-complement-a-w-complement-complement G17 m D21*Z1:V31 r - Used as ideogr of signs meant to be read as ideograms-k D21-A1 r-j D35 nj N40-G17-A1 Sm-complement-j D2 Hr N31:X1*Z1Det for wAt "road", also ideogr for same-complement-t- Used as ideogr of signs meant to be read as ideograms rather than phonograms M17-G1-D46-G43-O1 j-A-d-w- Det PLACE ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 21.6 Date: Tue, 3 Jul 2007 23:40:50 -0500 21.6 jr hAb.Tn wp(w)t(j)w.Tn r.j, nj jw.j n.Tn "If you send your messengers for me I will not come to you." jr - preposition introducting an if...then construction hAb.Tn - subjunctive (?) of the 3-lit. verb 'hAb' "send, send word" with 2PL suffix pronoun as subject. wp(w)t(j)w.Tn - noun "messengers" with possessive 2PL suffix pronoun object of hAb r.j - prepositional phrase "to me, for me" nj - negative particle jw.j - prospective of the anom. verb jj "come" with 1S suffix pronoun as subject n.Tn - dative "to you" 21.6 jr hAb.Tn wp(w)t(j).Tn r.j nj jw.j n.Tn jr - if hAb - (verb 3-lit) send, send word Tn you (2nd plural pronoun) wp(w)t(j) - messenger, here plural. Faulkner's dictionary mentions such a spelling (with determinant A1 though) in a pyramid text. Here the derminant is A40, but it is difficult to consider in isolation from the context. r.j - to me nj - negation of prospective active of the anomalous verb jw jw.j - I will come n.Tn - to you SO. If you will send your messengers for me, I will not come to you. 21.6 jr hAb.Tn wp(w)t(j)w.Tn r.j nj jw.j n.Tn jr = introduces subjunctive/prospective in a conditional sentence = if hAb = verb 3-lit = send, send word hAb.Tn = subjunctive + suffix pronoun (2PL) = you shall send OR hAb.Tn = prospective + suffix pronoun (2PL) = you will send wp(w)t(j)w.Tn = noun + suffix pronoun (2PL) = your divine messengers (determinative is a god) r.j = preposition + suffix pronoun = for me hAb.Tn wp(w)t(j)w.Tn r.j = if you shall/will send your messengers for me (I think I am right in saying that the verb ending for hAb is the same in both the subjunctive and the prospective ? if so, I think ?if you shall send? is more appropriate than ?if you will send? ? it actually doesn?t make much difference as the meaning is obvious), nj = negation = not jwj = verb anom = come, return jw.j = prospective + suffix pronoun = I will come n.Tn = preposition + suffix pronoun = to you nj jw.j n.Tn = I will not come to you jr hAb.Tn wp(w)t(j)w.Tn r.j nj jw.j n.Tn = if you send your divine messengers for me, I will not come to you 21.6 Transliteration: jr hAb.Tn wp(w)t(j)w.Tn r.j nj jw.j n.Tn Dissection: 1) jr = "if," introductory word of a conditional sentence 2) hAb.Tn = prospective after jr as protasis in conditional sentence (21.6), +.Tn (2PL suffix) 3) wp(w)t(j)w.Tn = "your (divine) messengers" (notice determinative) 4) r.j = "to me" (paraphrase) 5) nj = negation 6) jw.j = "I will come" 7) n.Tn = "to you" 8) nj jw.j n.Tn = "I will not come to you" Translation (paraphrase): Even if you send your messengers to me, I will not come. ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 21.5 Date: Tue, 3 Jul 2007 23:39:34 -0500 21.5 read right to left nj tnj snDw r sxm-jb The fearful cannot be distinguished from the violent. nj particle cannot tnj verb 3ae-inf. distinguish snDw noun fearful r preposition from sxm-jb violent 21.5 nj tnj snDw r sxm-jb tnj (verb 3-weak); 'to distinguish' snD (verb 3-lit); 'to become afraid' snDw (noun); 'those who are afraid, the fearful' The Egyptian passive expresses completed action, and is thus the counterpart of the perfect indicative: (active - He saw. passive - He was seen.) BUT....when it's negated by the negative particle 'nj', it ceases to denote a completed action, and expresses the negation of action, ability, or necessity, and can be best translated with the English present tense. For example: 'nj' negating action: something is not done 'nj' negating ability: something can not be done 'nj' negating necessity: something need not be done Before negation, 'tnj snDw' could be translated as: "The fearful have been distinguished." After negating with 'nj', it turns into a negation of ability: "The fearful cannot be distinguished." 'r' is a preposition with a lot of possible translations. Here, it expresses separation or distinction. (Allen 8.2.7) So, the fearful cannot be distinguished from ...... sxm-jb, or the violent (of heart). 21.5 transliteration: nj tnj snDw r sxm jb translation: The fearful can not be distinguished from the violent This sentence contains a verb in the passive sDm.f negated by the particle 'nj' which starts off the sentence. This is followed by 'tnj' which is the passive of the 3ae-inf. verb 'tnj' meaning "distinguish"; the weak consonant ending of the passive is here represented by Z4 strokes which are transliterated as 'j'. The subject of the sentence is 'snDw' which means "fearful person". Here, the negative passive is being used to express the negation of ability. Thus, 'nj tnj snDw' means "The fearful can not be distinguished". The verb is modified by the prepositional phrase 'r sxm jb'. According to the vocabulary at the back of Allen's book, 'sxm jb' is an idiom meaning "violent". The preposition 'r' here has the meaning of "from", indicating distinction. 21.5 nj tnj snDw r sxm-jb words: nj = negator, `not' tnj ? 3ae-inf `distinguish'; form negative passive expressing negation of possibility, so: cannot not be distinguished (i.e. not to be distinguished) snDw = fearful (person) r = `from' indicating separation or distinction 8.2.7 sxm ? 3-lit `gain, have control'; sxm jb - controlling of heart = violent literally: cannot be distinguished, a fearful person from a violent (one) better: a fearful person cannot be distinguished from a violent one ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 21.4 Date: Tue, 3 Jul 2007 23:37:28 -0500 21.4 jw ms wn xA, Sd wpwt sxpr r(m)T-Dt m nb Dt "Truely, the office has been opened, the land registers have been taken, and serfs have been made lords of estates." jw - particle indicating subjective action ms - particle intensifier "surely, truely" wn - passive of the 2-lit. verb 'wn' "has been opened" xA - noun office, object of wn "Truely, the office has been opened." Sd - passive of the 3ae-inf. verb 'Sdj' "take, pull, rescue" wpwt - noun "land registers" object of Sd "The land registers have been taken." sxpr - passive of the caus. 3-lit. verb 'sxpr' "bring about, make, create" r(m)t-Dt - noun "people of the estate" (serfs) object of sxpr m - proposition, introducing an adverbial phrase nb - noun "lord" Dt - noun "estate" in direct genitive with nb "The people of the estate have been made like the lord of the estate." 21.4 jw ms wn xA, Sd wpwt, sxpr r(m)T-Dt m nb Dt Complex sentence made up of 3 independent clauses, all in the passive. xA (noun); 'office' wn (verb 2-lit); 'to open' wn is the passive form with no overt ending. "The office has been opened." This clause has the introductory word 'jw' at the beginning, and the particle 'ms' ('truly') right afterword. See Allen 16.7.7 for the nuance of starting a sentence with 'jw ms'. wpt (noun); 'land register' Sdj (verb 3-weak); 'to take' Passive again: Sd wpwt = "The land registers have been taken." sxpr (verb caus 3-lit); 'to bring about, make become, create' r(m)T-Dt (noun); literally, 'people of the estate'. Apparently these are the people who WORK on somebody else's estate, because Allen glosses this as 'serfs' Passive again: "The serfs have been made to become ...." This thought is finished with a prepositional phrase ".... into landowners." m nb Dt (noun phrase); 'into lord of the estate'. Obviously talking (with a little hyperbole) about a period of unrest and lawlessness where the existing order has been upset. 21.4 jw ms wn xA Sdj wp(w)t sxpr r(m)T Dt m nb Dt jw - (proclitic particle) serves to assert that a statement is true from the speaker's point of view or with respect to another statement ms - (particle) truly wn - (verb 2-lit) open xA - office Sdj - (verb) take, pull rescue wpt - land register sxpr - (verb) bring about, make become, create r(m)T Dt- serfs m - in (the capacity of) nb - owner NOTE: all the verbs are passive here SO: Truly, the office has been opened, the land register has been taken, [and] the serfs of the estates have been made into owners of the estate. 21.4 jw ms wn xA Sd(w) wpwt sxpr r(m)T-Dt m nb Dt jw = proclitic particle = asserts statement is true ms = enclitic particle = surely, indeed S16.7: ?the phrase ?jw ms? ?. eventually became an idiom for ?exaggeration??. wn = verb 2-lit = open wn = passive = has been opened xA = noun = office jw ms wn xA = Surely the office has been opened Sdj = verb 3ae-inf = take, pull, rescue Sd(w) = passive = have been taken wpwt = noun = land registers Sd wpwt = the land registers have been taken sxpr = verb caus. 3-lit = bring about, make become, create sxpr = have been brought about, have been made to become, have been created r(m)T-Dt = noun = serfs (?people of the estate?) m = m of predication? = as a nb = noun = lord Dt = noun = estate sxpr r(m)T-Dt m nb Dt = the serfs have been made to become as a lord of the estate jw ms wn xA Sd(w) wpwt sxpr r(m)T-Dt m nb Dt = Surely, the office has been opened, the land-registers have been taken, serfs have been made to become landowners. QUESTION: if the verb Sdj take, pull, rescue - is the passive, why does Allen not transliterate it as Sd(w) see S21.8? 21.4 jw ms wn xA, Sd wpwt, sxpr r(m)T-Dt m nb Dt words: jw = particle ms = surely, indeed (jw ms > `exaggeration' 16.7.7) wn ? passive form of `wn' 2-lit `open' so, = was/has been/had been opened xA = office 1st section literally surely has been opened, the office Sd probably passive from context = has been taken wpwt ? plural of wpt = land-register 2nd section literally has been taken, the land-registers sxpr ? causative of xpr 3-lit `evolve, happen, occur', with m ? become; here again probably passive, so = has been made to become rmT-Dt = rmT = people, Dt = estate; rmT-Dt = serfs nb = lord Dt = estate 3rd section literally have been made to become, the serfs, lord of the estate Finally: Surely the office has been opened, the land-registers have been taken, (and) the serfs have been made to become lord of the estate (landowners) ==============================================================================