From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.12 Date: Thu, 10 May 2007 20:17:03 -0500 20.12 Htp-dj-(n)swt... n kA n jmAxy... jmj-r pr nxt-sbkw nb jmAx Dd.f nn zp jry.j xt nbt Dwj r r(m)T nb Note: the second part of the exercise is discussed in §20.5. The firstpart consists of usual ritual phrasing Htp-dj-(n)swt... = A royal offering... n kA n jmAxy = for the 'ka' of the honored jmj-r pr = steward nxt-sbkw = a personal name nb = lord, master pwner jmAx = honour Dd.f = he says nj zp + SUBJ is the perfective negation (§20.5) xt nbt = any thing Dwj = bad r = with respect to, against r(m)T nbt = any people SO: A royal offering for the honoured ka of the steward Nakht-Sobek, lordof honour. He says: I have never done anything bad to any people. Note: grammatically, it also seems possible to translate jmj-r pr nxt-sbkw as 'a steward OF Nakht-Sobek', but it would not be logical not to mention the name of the deseased. ******************************************************************** 20.12 Htp dj (n)swt .. n kA n jmAxy .. (j)m(j) r pr nxt sbkw nb jmAx words: Htp dj nswt = formula = a royal offering n kA n = for the ka of jmAxy = honour/honoured jmj r pr = steward (overseer of the house) nxt sbkw = Nakht Sobek nb jmAx = lord of (and so haver/holder/possessor) of honour Dd.f nj zp jrj.j xt nbt Dwj r r(mt)T nb Dd.f = he says (imperfective), or he said (perfective) according to context nj zp = (at) no time = never jrj.j = I have done; perfective xt nbt = every/any thing Dwj = evil, 3ae-inf adjective verb r rmT nb = to any/every people together: a royal offering .. for the ka of the honoured .. steward Nakht Sobek, possessor/lord of honour, QUESTION: he says ? never have I done anything evil to any people ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.13 Date: Thu, 10 May 2007 20:18:01 -0500 20.13 QUESTION: I don't know.... I don't feel good about my analysis of this sentence. I'd appreciate some feedback. jbw awn.(w), nn wn jb n z(j) rhn.tw Hr.f Translation: "Hearts are greedy; there is no heart of a man that one can rely on." jbw: plural noun, 'hearts' awn: adjective-verb (3-lit), 'to be greedy' awn.(w): stative form of the verb indicating a state, with a nuance of something prior that has produced that state. (Allen 17.7) "The hearts of man have become greedy." QUESTION FOR MY FELLOW STUDENTS - See 17.2, stative suffixes. 'jbw' is plural, so it would seem to require a 3rd plural stative ending, which Allen gives as 'wj'. I know the stative suffixes are often omitted, but why doesn't Allen indicate that 'wj' is the ending omitted? jb n z(j): 'heart of a man' nn wn: See Allen 20.16.3: 'wn' is the perfective form of the verb 'wnn', and it's used to indicate the existence of something. Here, it's negated with 'nn', giving the sense of 'there is not', or 'there does not exist'. nn wn jb n z(j): 'There is no heart of a man' rhnj: verb (4-lit), 'to rely, rest, depend' rhn.tw: impersonal subject, 'one relies / depends' rhn.tw Hr.f: 'one relies / depends on it' In the key to the exercises, Allen states that 'rhn.tw Hr.f is an unmarked adverb clause after an undefined antecedent'. It would seem to me that this is an indirect relative clause. What kind of heart? One THAT YOU CAN'T RELY ON IT. "A clause that is used like an adjective is called a relative clause" (12.2). And in 20.13, Allen mentions that the imperfective is much more common in relative clauses with undefined antecedents. I just can't convince myself that this is not a relative clause. Sorry. That's the best I can do. ************************************************ 20.13 jbw awn.(w) nn wn jb n z(j) rhn.tw Hr.f Hearts are greedy; there is no man's heart that one can depend on. jbw = "hearts", the subject awn.w = "are greedy", 3ms stative, awn is an adjective verb (§17.7) nn wn = "there is not" §20.16.3 jb n zj = "a man's heart" rhn.tw = "one depends", Hr.f = "on it" The main clause of the sentence is 'jbw awn.w'. (The subject comes before the verb, and there is no suffix pronoun written after the verb. So itcannot be a subject-imperfective construction: it must be a subject-stative where the 3ms stative suffix is not written.) The stative of an adjective verb describes a quality of the subject (§17.7). It carries the connotation that the subject has acquired the quality as the the result of prior action. The following clause begins with 'nn wn'. This combination with the perfective of 'wnn' is used for general statements of non-existence§20.16.3), and is translated "there is not". The subject of 'wn' is the indirect genitive phrase 'jb m zj', "a man's heart'. The final clause is 'rhn.tw Hr.f'. In the key Allen says this is an unmarked adverb clause, but he also describes it as having an undefined antecedent, which would only apply to a relative clause. It does appear to be a relative clause. In the relative clause '.f' is the coreferrent and 'jb n zj' is the antecedent to which it refers. The verb is 'rhn.tw', an imperfective form with the impersonal pronoun as subject, expressing a generalization. The coreferrent is the object of a preposition, and the clause translates,referring to a man's heart, "on which one can depend" or, less formally, "that one can depend on". 20.14 jn jw wn xprt m Xnw jn = particle = introduces a predicate question (S20.19) jw = particle = used when the perfective expresses the existence of something in general (S20.16.3) jn jw = introduces the perfective of wnn in predicate questions about the existence of something (S20.19) wnn = verb 2ae-gem = exist, be wn = perfective jn jw wn = Is there? xprt = something that has happened (hint from Allen) m = preposition = at Xnw = noun = home (m Xnw = inside) xprt m Xnw = something that has happened at home (inside)? jn jw wn xprt m Xnw = Is there something that has happened at home? 20.13 jbw awn.(w) nn wn jb n z(j) rhn.tw Hr.f "Hearts are greedy. A heart of a man does not exist that can be relied upon." jwb awn.(w) - the first clause is a subject stative construction with the 3-lit. verb awn "be greedy" with an unwritten 3MS suffix. We might guess this construction because we have a noun followed by a verb withno suffix pronoun. The stative with an adjective-verb expresses the subject just having the indicated characteristic: "Hearts (are) greedy." nn - introduces a negative wn - perfective of the gem. verb wnn "exist" nn wn means "there does not exists" (sect 20.16.3) jb - noun "heart" subject of nn wn n z(j) - "of (a) man" indirect genitive with jb nn wn jb n z(j) is then "There does not exist the heart of a man" rhn.tw - perfective of the 4ae-inf. verb rhnj "rest, rely, depend", with the impersonal suffix pronoun, making this a passive construction Hr.f - adverbial propositional phrase "upon it" referring back to the subject which is omitted, but the same as the subject of the previous clause, the jb n z(j) So literally, nn wn jb n z(j) rhn.tw Hr.f is "There does not exist the heart of a man (that) one can rely on it." HMWK 20.13 TRANSLITERATION: jbw awn.(w) nn wn jb n z(j) rhn.tw Hr.f jbw - noun, plural "hearts" awn.(w) - adjective verb, stative form describes a quality of its subject [jbw] - (from 3-lit. verb awn "be covetous, despoil, greedy" - see 17.7) "Hearts are greedy" nn wn - negated general statement of existence, "there is not, "there does not exist" (wn - perfective form of 2ae-gem. verb wnn "exist" - see 20.16) jb - noun "heart" n - marks masc. indirect genitive, "of" z(j) - noun, "man" rhn.tw - perfective (from 4ae-inf. verb rhnj "depend, rely", .tw - = impersonal pronoun) Hr.f - "on it" (Hr - preposition "on, upon", .f - 3MS suffix personal pronoun "it") There is no heart of a man one can rely on" TRANSLATION: "Hearts are greedy. There is no heart of a man one can rely on" ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.10 Date: Thu, 10 May 2007 20:13:13 -0500 20.10 jnk msD.f xt bjn I am one who hates something bad. jnk = "I", 1s independent pronoun msD.f = "who hates", imperfective xt bjn = "something bad" This is an example of the kind of sentence illustrated at the end of §20.13. The pattern is that of an AB nominal sentence. A is 'jnk', and B is an unmarked relative clause with an unexpressed antecedent. The verb 'msD.f' ismperfective and the coreferrent, '.f' refers to an unexpressed word such as 'z(j)', "a man". As in the case of a marked relative clause without an antecedent (§12.7), the entire relative clause functions as a noun. This type of construction with the imperfective is one of the few occasions when Egyptian uses an unmarked relative clause without an antecedent (§26.18). The sentence says something about "I"; so A is the subject and B is the predicate. The noun 'xt' can have the non-specific meaning "something" or "anything". When it has this meaning it is masculine (§4.4). The adjective 'bjn' ************************************************************* Exercise 20.10 transliteration: jnk msD.f xt bjn translation: I am one who hates a bad thing This line is an A B nominal sentence. Here, A is the 1CS independent pronoun 'jnk' ("I"). B is 'msD.f xt bjn'. This is an unmarked relative clause which does not have an expressed antecedent. In this clause, 'msD' is the imperfective form of the 3-lit. verb 'msD' ("hate"). The imperfective is used here to express an action that is generally/always true; it is characteristic of the subject. The 3MS suffix pronoun 'f' attached to the verb is the subject of the clause (and the coreferent to an undefined, masculine antecedent: "one"). The object of the clause is the noun phrase 'xt bjn'; 'xt' is a noun meaning "thing" and is modified by the adjective 'bjn' which means "bad". Putting it together, the clause means "[who/that] hates a bad thing". 20.10 jnk msD.f xt bjn "I am one who hates bad things." jnk - 1S independent pronoun. This introduces an AB nominal sentence where the predicate is an unmarked noun clause msD.f - imperfective of "hate" with 3MS suffix pronoun as subject. This indicates habitual or ongoing behavior. xt - noun "thing" object of the hate bjn - adjective "bad" modifies xt So the noun clause is "He hates a bad thing" Putting this as the predicate of the nominal sentence we get "I am (one who) hates a bad thing." Question: is there a difference between xt bjn "a bad thing" adjective, xt bjn "a thing of bad" direct genitive, and xt bjn.(w) "a thing which is bad" subject-stative? Can we tell them apart? ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.14 Date: Thu, 10 May 2007 20:19:04 -0500 20.14 read right to left jn jw wn xprt m xnw Is there something that has happened inside? jn denotes a question jw wn the perfective wn when preceeded by jw normally means - there is xprt verb 3-lit something that has happened m Xnw inside 20.14 jn jw wn xprt m Xnw jn = particle = introduces a predicate question (S20.19) jw = particle = used when the perfective expresses the existence of something in general (S20.16.3) jn jw = introduces the perfective of wnn in predicate questions about the existence of something (S20.19) wnn = verb 2ae-gem = exist, be wn = perfective jn jw wn = Is there? xprt = something that has happened (hint from Allen) m = preposition = at Xnw = noun = home (m Xnw = inside) xprt m Xnw = something that has happened at home (inside)? jn jw wn xprt m Xnw = Is there something that has happened at home? 20.14 jn jw wn xprt m Xnw jn jw introduce the perfective of wnn in predicate questions about the existence of something xprt = something, that happened m Xnw = inside Xnw = home, capital. SO: Has something happened in the capital? NOTE: Without knowing the context other versions are also possible: e.g. 'Has something happened at home?' or 'Has something happened = inside?' 20.14 Allen: from the story of Sinuhe: xprt "something that has happened" Transliteration: jn jw wn xprt m Xnw Translation: "Is there something that has happened in the palace?" DETAILS: Vocabulary: jn jw = introductory particles wn = verb, 2 gem = "be, exist" m = preposition Xnw = noun = "palace, enclosure of some sort" Grammar: jn jw = with the perfective introduces a question concerning the existence of something wn = perfective of wnn m Xnw = prepositional phrase Gardiner Codes: M17-N35-M17-Z7-E34:N35-L1-D21:X1:Y1-G17-F26-N35:W24*Z7-O1 M17-N35 j-n M17-Z7 j-w E34:N35 wn-complement L1-D21:X1:Y1 Phonogr xpr-complment-t-Det CONCEPTS G17 m F26-N35:W24*Z7-O1 Xn-compelment-complement-w- Det BUILDING ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.8 Date: Thu, 10 May 2007 20:10:53 -0500 20.8 This exercise is composed of two independent sentences. First sentence:mw m jtrw swrj.t(w).f mr.k mw m jtrw: phrase, 'the water of the river' swr / swj: verb, 3-lit, 'to drink' swrj.tw: imperfective verb form with the impersonal subject suffix 'tw'. See Allen 20.3; this combination makes the passive form of both the perfective and the imperfective - 'one drinks' = 'it is drunk' So in the main clause, 'the water of the river' is the subject, and 'is drunk' is the predicate. The subject is topicalized by being placed first in the sentence, and the 3rd person singular pronoun '.f' is added to the verb form as a redundant feature. Most languages, I've heard, have redundant features to help comprehensibility. We've got a similar structure in English: "The water in the river - it's drunk". As the distance between the subject and the verb increases, the need for a redundant subject increases. Lastly we've got an (unmarked) adverbial clause of concomitant action. When is the water drunk? Under what circumstances? It's drunk WHEN YOU DESIRE (THAT IT SHOULD BE DRUNK). The imperfective is commonly used in this type of adverbial clause (Allen 20.10) mrj: verb (3-ae inf.), 'to want, desire' mr.k: verb, 'you (masc sing) desire' The second (independent) sentence has a parallel structure. TAw m pt: 'the wind/air of the sky' xnm: verb (3-lit.), to breathe' xnm.t(w).f: imperfective with impersonal subject ('tw') and a redundant suffix pronoun, 'it is breathed' dd.k: verb, 'you say / you speak'. Again, it's an adverbial clause telling the circumstances under which the breathing takes place. "The air in the sky is breathed when you say (it should be)". *************************************************************** 20.8 Transliteration: mw m jtrw swrj.t(w).f mr.k TAw m pt xnm.t(w).f Dd.k Dissection: 1) mw = "water" 2) m = "in" 3) jtrw = "river" 3a) mw m jtrw = "the water in the river" 4) swrj.t(w).f = (verb 3-lit.) "drink," passive form of subjunctive: "The water in the river shall be drunk." 5) mr.k = (verb 3ae-inf.) "desire, want, like," imperfective as an adverb clause indicating concomitant action: "when you desire." 6) TAw = "air, wind, breath" 7) m = "in" 8) pt = "sky" 8a) TAw m pt = "The air in the sky" 9) xnm.t(w).f = "breathe," passive form of subjunctive: "The air in the sky shall be breathed" 10) Dd.k = (verb 2-lit.) "say" imperfective as an adverb clause indicating concomitant action: "when you say." Translation: "The water in the river shall be drunk when you desire; the air in the sky shall be breathed when you say." 20.8 mw m jtrw swr.t(w).f mr.k Taw m pt xnm.t(w).f Dd.k mw = noun = water m = preposition = in jtrw = noun = river swr = verb 3-lit = drink (in Allen's dictionary this is swr not swrj) swr.t(w).f = is drunk (this is presumably imperfective, ie an ongoing action) (tw makes the verb passive) mrj = verb 3ae-inf = desire, want, like QUESTION: mr.k = imperfective (?) = you want (presumably imperfective because it can be repeated) mw m jtrw swrj.t(w).f mr.k = the water in the river is drunk when you want Taw = noun = air, wind, breath m = in pt = noun = sky xnm = verb 3-lit = breathe xnm.t(w).f = imperfective/passive = is breathed Dd = verb 2-lit= say QUESTION: Dd.k = imperfective (?) = you say (presumably imperfective because it is repeatedly said?) Taw m pt xnm.t(w).f Dd.k = the air in the sky is breathed when you say mw m jtrw swr.t(w).f mr.k Taw m pt xnm.t(w).f Dd.k The water in the river is drunk when you want, the air in the sky is breathed when you say. QUESTION? There are two examples of unmarked adverb clauses that allow for the use of the word when? (S20.10). 20.8 Allen: from the story of Sinuhe (speaking to the king) Transliteration: mw m jtrw swrj.t(w).f mr.k TAw m pt xnm.t(w).f Dd.k Translation: "The water in the river is drunk when you like (approve), the air in the sky is breathed when you say so." Question: jtrw (river) is spelled with N37, a basin. But Allen's description of N37 read that it is a variant of N38 and N39; a phonogram of S; an ideogram for Sj "basin, pool, lake"; a determinative of sTAt "aroura", also an ideogram for same; a variant of X4 as a determinative of zn "open" and znj "pass"; and a variant of 036. So why is this particular sign used here? DETAILS: Orientation: right to left, horizontal, normal Gardiner Codes: N35:N35:N35-G17-M17-X1:D21-Z7-N37:Z2-S29-G36:D21-M17-X1-A2-I9-U7:D21- A2-V31A-P5-Z7-G17-Q3*X1:N1-Aa1:N35-T34-G17-X1:D19-A2-I9-I10&D46-V31A N35:N35:N35 mw G17 m M17-X1:D21-Z7-N37:Z2 j-t-r-w-(see question above)- Det in PLURAL S29-G36:D21-M17-X1-A2-I9 s-wr-complement-j-t- Det. DRINK-f U7:D21-A2-V31A mr-complement- Det. SPEAK -k P5-Z7 TAw-complement G17 m Q3*X1:N1 p-t- Det SKY, ABOVE Aa1:N35-T34-G17-X1:D19-A2-I9 x-complement-nm-complement-t- Det NOSE- Det EAT, DRINK-f I10&D46-V31A D-d-k Vocabulary: mw = noun = "river" m = preposition swr/swj = verb, 3 lit = "drink" (final r probably lost in translation) jtrw = noun = "river" TAw = now = "air, wind, breath" xnm = verb, 3 lit = "breathe" mrj = verb, 3ai = "desire, want, like" Dd = verb, 2 lit = "say" Grammar: Two grammatically balanced phrases. In both cases the first verb is part of a subject-imperfective, the 2nd is a perfective of concommitant action. Also, the subject-imperfective verbs are passive or impersonal constructions with tw, e.g.: the first verb is swrj.t(w).f. ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.9 Date: Thu, 10 May 2007 20:12:01 -0500 20.9 read right to left Dd.n.f n.f j[r m] xt hAw nDs r pA S(j) mj nt-a.f nt ra nb kA.k xA.k [pA m] sH [n mnH] r sA.f He said to him: after the commoner goes down to the lake like his custom everyday, then you will throw the crocodile of wax after him. Dd verb 2-lit said n to .f personal pronoun he n.f him jr m xt after hAw verb 3ae-inf. goes down nDs noun commoner r to pA verb 2-lit S(j) noun lake mj like nt-a.f nt his custom ra nb every day kA.k then you xA. verb 3-lit will throw [pA m] of sH noun crocodile n mnH noun of wax r sA.f after him 20.9 Dd.n.f n.f jr m xt hAw nDs r pA Sj mj nt-a.f nt ra nb kA.k HAa.k pA msH n mnH r sA.f "He said to him, with respect to the time (that) the commoner (to) the lake as is his custom every day, then you will throw the wax crocodile at his back." Dd.n.f - perfect of the verb "say" with 3MS suffix pronoun as subject n.f - dative "He said to him" introduces the quote. jr - I'm not sure if this is the preposition "with respect to" or the imperative or jrj "act" spelled without the D4 eye. m xt - adverbial prepositional phrase, an idiom for "after", literally "of/from the aftermath" hAw - noun "time, occasion" - direct genitive with xt if 'm xt' doesn't function as a compound preposition (?) nDs - noun "commoner" r pA Sj - "to the lake". Could be a demonstrative "to this lake" or "to that lake" but in the key Allen translates it as a definite article. mj - preposition "like" introduces an adverbial prepositional phrase nt-a.f - "his custom, habit" object of the preposition ra nb - "every day" Adverbial phrase. I don't get the word order here. Where's the verb? Allen has "After the commoner goes down to the lake" but the only thing I see that looks like a verb is on the other side of "after the time" seemingly in a different clause! I'm lost. kA.k - particle indicating subsequent action with 2MS suffix pronoun xAa.f - subjunctive of the 3-lit. verb "throw" with 2MS suffix pronoun as subject pA - demonstrative or definite article msH - noun "crocodile" object of xAa n mnH - "of wax" indirect genitive with msH r sA.f - directional "toward his back". Definitely came into this story in the middle. Now I want to know what special powers thrown wax crocodiles have! ********************************** HMWK 20.9 TRANSLITERATION: Dd.n.f n.f j(r m) xt hAw nDs r pA S(j) mj nt-a.f nt ra nb kA.k HAa.k (pA m)sH (n mnH) r sA.f Dd.n.f - "He said", perfect of 2-lit. verb Dd "say, speak" (n. - marks the past tense, f. - 3MS suffix personal pronoun, "he") n.f - dative "to him", (n - preposition, .f - 3MS suffix personal pronoun, "him") jr m xt - compound preposition with sDm=f can be translated "after, when" hAw - verb "goes down" nDs - noun "commoner" r - preposition "to, toward, with respect to" pA - MS demonstrative pronoun "this, that" S(j) - noun "lake" mj - preposition "like", as well as" (L 8.4) nt-a.f - "his custom" (nt-a - "custom, habit, rite, ritual, duty", .f - 3MS suffix personal pronoun, "his") nt - preposition used in indirect genitive, "of" (fem. form) ra - noun "day" nb - adjective "all, every" kA.k - non-enclitic particle (kA), .k - 2MS suffix personal pronoun, "you") HAa.k - subjunctive form of 3-lit. verb xA "throw", .k - 2MS suffix personal pronoun, "you" pA - MS demonstrative pronoun "this, that" msH - noun "crocodile" n - preposition used in indirect genitive, "of" (masc. sing. form) mnH - noun "wax" r - preposition "to, toward, with respect to" sA.f - "his son" (sA - noun "son", .f - 3MS suffix personal pronoun, "his") TRANSLATION: He said to him: "Now when the commoner has gone down to the lake by his habit, you shall throw this wax crocodile after him" (from pWestcar) ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.11 Date: Thu, 10 May 2007 20:15:59 -0500 Exercise 20.11 transliteration: kAwt pw nj jr.t(w).s Dr bAH(jw) translation: It is a work that has not been done since the (time of the) ancestors This line is an A pw B nominal sentence. Here, A is 'kAwt' which means "work". B in this sentence is 'nj jr.t(w).s Dr bAHj(w)'. This is an unmarked relative clause whose antecedent is not expressed. In this clause, we have a perfective negated by 'nj' to express the negation of past action. The verb in the perfective here is 'jr' from the 3ae-inf. 'jrj', "make, do". The suffix 'tw' is attached to 'jr' to give it passive voice. The 3FS suffix pronoun 's' attached to the verb is the subject of the clause. It denotes the feminine noun 'kAwt' in the main clause. The clause is modified by the prepositional phrase 'Dr bAHjw'. The plural noun 'bAHjw' means ancestors. The preposition 'Dr' is most often used in expressions of time with the meaning "since". Thus, 'Dr bAHjw' means "since the (time of the) ancestors". The negated perfective is used here to express the negation of past action over an interval of time up to the present and is thus translated here using the English present perfect. Thus, putting the pieces together, the relative clause that constitutes the B part of the sentence means "[it] has not been done since the (time of the) ancestors". ******************************** 20.11 text: kAwt pw nj jrts Dr bAHw with weak consonants added: kAwt pw nj jr.t(w).s Dr bAH(j)w words: kAwt = either work (or works), feminine jr.t(w).s = it/she has been done; i.e. perfective from context; since verb is singular, kAwt also must be singular Dr = since bAHjw < plural form of bAHj = ancestor/predecessor (nisbe) together: this is a work, (that) has not been done since (the time of) the ancestors ******************************* 20.11 Orientation: left to right, horizontal, normal Transliteration: D28:X1-A9-Z3-Q3-G43-D35:D4:X1-S29-M36:D21-D52:Y1-A50-Z3 kAwt pw nj jr.t(w).s Dr bAHjw Translation: It is a deed not done since (the time of) the ancestors. DETAILS: Vocabulary: kAwt = noun = "work,works" pw = demonstrative pronoun n(j) = negative particle jrj = verb, 3ai = "do, make" s = suffix pronoun Dr = preposition bAHj = noun = "ancestor" DETAILS: Grammar: kAwt pw = A pw construction n(j) negating the following verb jr.t(w) = the form cannot be jrt (infintive) because nj does not appear with the infinitive. So this must by jr.t(w) and the subject is s. Dr bAHj = prepositional phrase Gardiner Codes: D28:X1-A9-Z3 kA-t- Det. LOAD, CARRY- used with words plural in meaning and with false plurals ending in w or wt Q3-G43 p-w D35 nj D4:X1-S29 jr-t-s M36:D21 Dr-complement D52:Y1-A50-Z3 kA- Det CONCEPTS ? j- Det in PLURAL ==============================================================================