Date: Sun, 29 Apr 2007 15:21:25 -0700 From: Ralph Giles To: Ancient Egyptian Language List Subject: Re: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.1B On Sat, Apr 28, 2007 at 10:03:54PM -0500, KMOTC wrote: > QUESTION: > > Why couldn't this be two separate sentences? > Other that the absence of a second particle? I think that's the primary difference. At some point Allen said there's not really a difference between independent clauses and sentences. Either could stand on its own, but placed together the jw seems to govern both. I would also speclate that division into sentences might be less important in a written language that doesn't use punctuation. > (rwtj) > now this really confuses me!! I found it defined as a nisbe = outside. > I cannot find "double gates" anywhere!! I didn't get this one either until I saw the key. As mentioned elsewhere in the collation, this is a dual noun, which has to be translated with an explicit "two".. > m = preposition = in > > sgr = verb caus. 2-lit = cause to be still, silent OR > > sgr = noun = stillness, silence > > (I think the noun form is correct here) If it were a verb, it would presumedly be stative m sgr.(w)? > NB I am finding this very difficult - I could not see the perfective or imperfective in this exercise at all Because there aren't any! They're all in successive sentences. Good review I guess. Personally, I'm finding telling all the tenses apart a bit difficult; it's all to do with details of word order. -r ============================================================================== From: "Nick Mills" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: RE: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.1B Date: Tue, 1 May 2007 00:16:02 +0100 > -----Original Message----- > > rwtj wrtj xtm.(w) - subject-stative construction. > rwtj - dual of the singular noun rwt "gate" > wrtj - adjective "great" > > with feminine dual ending to agree with rwtj > these together form a noun phrase which is the subject. > > > xtm - 3-lit. verb "seal, shut". > > Allen gives this as the stative, with an unwritten 3MS suffix. > > > > QUESTION: > > Couldn't this also be subject-imperfective? No. The subject imperfective would be rwtj wrtj xtm.sn. Unlike the stative, this construction does not omit the suffix. > > > Do we know what stative suffix goes with dual nouns? > In Middle Egyptian normally the same as plural nouns .wj. Old Egyptian had masculine and feminine dual forms, wjj and tjj (Allen p.202) ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.3 Date: Fri, 4 May 2007 01:46:30 -0500 20.3 jw.j dj.j mw n jb "I used to give water to the thirsty" jw.j - introductory particle, indicating the statement is from the speaker's point of view QUESTION: why does it have a suffix pronoun, and what does it mean? dj.j - imperfective of the anom. verb rdj "give" with 1S suffix pronoun as subject. The imperfective is distinguishable from the perfective by the absence of 'r' in the spelling. mw - noun "water" object of the verb n - preposition "of, to" jb - "the thirsty" from the gloss. the 3ae-inf. verb jbj means "to thirst, be thirsty". This presumedly derives from that. I thought the final A1 was another suffix pronoun, but from the answer key it's a determinitive. Question: would "my one who is thirsty" necessarily be jbt.j instead of jb.j? This sentence uses the imperfective, describing habitual action. When this refers to past events, as the Story of Sinuhe does, it can be translated as "used to". Section 20.7. 20.3 Narrative, so 'past tense' is used jw.j = particle = I was (S10.3) rdj = verb anom. = give, put, cause dj = base stem dj.j = imperfective + suffix pronoun = I used to give (S20.7) mw = noun = water n = preposition = to jb = the thirsty - hint from Allen (Faulkner translates this as 'the thirsty man' - presumably the additional determinative A1 indicates - it is an adjective and noun, rather than a verb) jw.j dj.j mw n jb = I was the one who used to give water to the thirsty Question: Could dj.j mean 'I was giving', or is this only appropriate in a secondary clause (I probably mean an adverb clause, but I am still not sure what that is!)? __20.3 also from Sinuhe read from right to left (jw.w dj.j mw n jb) An independent sentence. (jw.w) introductory particle plus 1MS suffix pronoun; it shows that the statement is true from the speaker's pointof view (dj.j) verb, anom. (rdj), plus 1MS suffix pronoun, = I gave [this is the verb and the subject] (mw) noun = water [direct object] (n) preposition = to (jb) noun = thirsty =I gave water to the thirsty. QUESTION: now that I look at this again - 'thirsty' can't be a noun, can it? or is it 'thirsty ones? ._, 20.3 Allen: from the story of Sinuhe: jb = "the thirsty" Transliteration: jw.j dj.j mw n jb Translation: "I (always/habitually) gave water to the thirsty." Vocabulary:: jw.j = introductory particle + suffix pronoun, 1st sing. rdj = verb anom = "give, put, cause" mw = noun = "water" jb = noun = "the thirsty" Grammar: jw.j = asserts that the statement is true from the observer's point of view. dj = imperfective dj.j mw n jb = VsOA paradigm, mw the nominal object, n jb is the indirect object M17-Z7-A1-D36-A1-N35:N35:N35-N35-M17-D58-E8-A2-A1 M17-Z7-A1 j-w-j D36-A1 var for D37, dj-j N35:N35:N35 mw N35 n M17-D58-E8-A2-A1 j-b- Det GOAT -Det DRINK - Determinative MAN ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.7 Date: Fri, 4 May 2007 01:55:13 -0500 20.7 nj zxz.t(w) m sA.j, nj sDm.j TAz Hwrw, nj sDm.tw rn.j m r wHmw This sentence has three occurrences of the negated perfective. Two of them have the impersonal subject 'tw'. zxz: verb (3-lit), 'to run' nj zxz.tw: negated perfective with impersonal subject, 'one did not run' or 'no one ran' m sA.j: prep. phrase, 'after me' Translation: No one ran after me / No one pursued me. sDm: verb (3-lit), 'to hear' nj sDm.j: negated perfective, 'I did not hear' TAz Hwrw: object of the verb, 'a hue and cry' Translation: I heard no hue and cry. nj sDm.tw rn.j: see Allen 20.3. When the perfective is used with the impersonal subject, it can have a passive meaning. 'One did not hear my name' > 'My name was not heard' r: noun, 'mouth' wHmw: noun, 'herald' m r wHmw: 'in the mouth of the herald' Translation: My name was not heard in/from the mouth of the herald. 20.7: From the story of Sinuhe. Transliteration: nj zxz.t(w) m sA.j nj sDm.j TAz Hwrw nj sDm.tw rn.j m r wHmw Dissection: The selection includes three negated perfective clauses (20.5) expressing past or completed actions. 1) nj = negated 2) zxz.t(w) m sA.j 2a) zxz = (verb 3-lit) "run" 2b) t(w) = impersonal pronoun "one" 2c) zxz.t(w) m sA = Allen states that this means "run after" (a fugitive) 2d) .j = 1st person suffix pronoun "me" 2e) nj zxz.t(w) m sA.j = "No one ran after me" 3) nj = negated (start of second clause) 3a) sDm.j = perfective of sDm + 1st person suffix pronoun: nj sDm.j = "I did not hear..." 3b) TAz Hwrw = Allen translated as "hue and cry," lit. "porr sentence." I have also seen it translated in German as Vorwurf "charge, accusation, reproach" http://www.hieroglyphen.net/aegypten/Sinuhe/html/abschnitt_2.html 3c) nj sDm.j TAz Hwrw = "I did not hear an accusation" 4) nj = negation (beginning of third clause) 4a) sDm.tw = "One heard" 4b) rn.j = "my name" 4c) m = "in" 4d) r = "(the) mouth" 4e) wHmw = "herald" 4f) r wHmw = direct genitive "the mouth of the herald" 4g) nj sDm.tw rn.j m r wHmw = "One did not hear my name in the mouth of the herald." Translation: Literal: No one ran after me. I did not hear an accusation. No one heard my name in the mouth of the herald. Paraphrase: No one pursued me, and I did not hear an accusation. My name was not heard coming from the mouth of the herald. 20.7 transliteration: nj zxz.t(w) m sA.j nj sDm.j TAz Hwrw nj sDm.tw rn.j m r wHmw translation: I was not pursued and did not hear a hue and cry. My name was not heard from a herald's mouth. This line contains three independent clauses. Each clause contains a perfective negated by 'nj' to express the negation of past action. The first clause is 'nj zxz.t(w) m sA.j'. Here 'zxz' is the perfective form of the 3-lit. verb 'zxz' ("run"). The subject of the clause is given by the impersonal pronoun 'tw' attached to the verb. The verb is modified by the prepositional phrase 'm sA.j'. 'zxz m sA' literally means 'run to the back'; Allen informs us that this is an idiom for "run after (a fugitive)", i.e. "pursue". The object of the pursuit is given by the 1CS suffix pronoun 'j' ("me") attached to 'sA'. Putting the above together, the clause means "one did not pursue me". Rendering this as a passive gives "I was not pursued". Th second clause in this line is 'nj sDm.j TAz Hwrw'. Here 'sDm' is the perfective form of the 3-lit. verb 'sDm' ("hear"). The subject of the clause is given by the 1CS suffix pronoun 'j' ("I") attached to the verb. The object of the verb is 'TAz Hwrw' which Allen informs us means "hue and cry". Thus the clause means "I did not hear a hue and cry". The third and last clause in this line is 'nj sDm.tw rn.j m r wHmw'. 'sDm' is in the perfective. The subject of the clause is given by the impersonal pronoun 'tw' attached to the verb. The object of the verb is 'rn.j', "my name". The third clause concludes with the prepositional phrase 'm r wHmw'. The object of the preposition 'm' is the noun phrase 'r wHmw' which is a direct genitive of 'wHmw' ("herald") with 'r' ("mouth"). Putting it together, the third clause means "one did not hear my name from a herald's mouth". Rendering this is as a passive gives "My name was not heard from a herald's mouth". ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.4 Date: Fri, 4 May 2007 01:47:11 -0500 20.4 jwt nxt nt (r)tnw mTA.f wj m jmA.j There came a champion of Retjenu, taunting me in my tent. jwt = "there came", narrative infinitive nxt nt rtnw = "a champion of Retjenu", subject of jwt mTA.f = "taunting", 3ms stative wj = "me", 1s dependent pronoun, object of mTA.f m jmA.j = "in my tent" Allen suggests that the first word, `jwt' should be translated "There came",and refers us to the section dealing with the narrative infinitive (§14.4.2). The noun phrase `nxt nt rtnw', "a champion of Retjenu" is thesubject of the infinitive. There follows `mTA.f wj m jmAj'. The verb `mtA' belongs to the 3-lit. class; its form does not tell us whether it is subjunctive, perfective or imperfective. So this sentence could be interpreted in a number of different ways. If we suppose that this is an independent sentence, then the verb is most likely an imperfective form describing ongoing action in the past, and the sentence translates "he was taunting me in my tent". However a main clause with the imperfect is usually introduced by a particle; so it is more likely that this is some type of dependent clause. The prefective is rare in subordinate clauses, and even then is usually negated (§20.6). The verb could be subjunctive in an adverb clause expressing purpose: "so that he might taunt me in my tent". It could also be imperfective. In this case the subordinate clause could be thought of aseither a relative clause "who was taunting me in my tent" (§20.13), or, as translated by Allen, an adverb clause describing concomitant action "taunting me in my tent" (§20.10). This last is a very common use of the imperfective, which may be the reason why it is favoured by Allen. 20.4 jwt nxt n tnw mTA.f wj m jmA.j jwt = there came (the 'narrative' infinitive) nxt = champion n = genetive tnw = Retjenu mTA = (verb 3-lit) taunt, here perfective wj = me m = inside jmA = tent SO: There came a champion of the Retjenw. He taunted me in my tent. 20.4 Allen: from the story of Sinuhe: jwt "there came"; (r)tnw "Retjenu". Transliteration: jwt nxt n (r)tnw mTA.f wj m jmAm.j Translation: "There came a champion to Retenu. He was taunting me in my tent." DETAILS: Vocabulary: nxt = noun = "champion" n = preposition rtnw = noun = "Canaan" mTA = verb, 3 lit = "taunt" j = suffix pronoun, 1st sing wj = dependent pronoun, 1st sing m = preposition jmA = noun = "tent" Grammar: nxt = subject of jwt n rtnw = prepositional phrase mTA.f wj = Vso paradigm, the verb is probably imperfective since, in M.E. the past tense expressed by transitive verbs usually employed the perfect. (20.4) and (18.9). m jmA.j = prepositional phrase Orientation: right to left, horizontal, normal Gardiner Codes: D54-G43:X1-N35:M3:Aa1*X1-A24-A1-N35:X1-N35:W24*Z7-T14-G41-N25-G17-G47- G1-A2-I9-G43-A1-G17-M17-U1-G1-G17-O1-A1 D54-G43:X1 Phonogr jw in forms of the verb jwj "come"-w-t N35:M3:Aa1*X1-A24-A1 n-xt-complement-complement- Det. FORCE- Determinative MAN N35 n X1-N35:W24*Z7-T14-G41-N25 t-complement-nw-complement- Det FOREIGN- In combo with T14 det in words with Tn/tn- Det DESERT, FOREIGN LAND G17-G47-G1-A2-I9 m-TA-complement- Det. SPEAK-f G43-A1 w-j G17 m M17-U1-G1-G17-O1-A1 j-mA-complement-m- Det BUILDING-j - ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.1G--SLIGHTLY BELATED ( : Date: Fri, 4 May 2007 01:27:31 -0500 20.1G read right to left gm.n sw wpwtjw Hr wAt, pH.n.sw; r tr n xAwj The messengers found him on the way home; they reached him at the time of dusk. gm verb 3ae.inf found sw 3ms him wpwtj noun messengers Hr preposition 8.2.10 on wAt noun way pH verb 2-lit reached .sn 3pl personal pronoun they sw 3ms him r preposition 8.2.7 at tr noun time xAwh noun dusk 20.1 (G) gm.n sw wpwtjw Hr wAt pH.n.sn sw r tr n xAwj Point of grammar illustrated: Use of the perfect (of a transitive verb) to express an action in the past. There are actually 2 independent sentences here. They both use the perfect, and they both have a pronoun as the object. Sentence #1 gmj: verb (3-ae inf), "to find" gm.n: perfect form, 'found' wpwtj: noun, "messenger" gm.n wpwtjw: the messengers found. (See Allen 18.4; the perfectform of the verb comes BEFORE the subject) Now we need them to find someone or something: gm.n sw wpwtjw - the messengers found HIM. (See Allen 18.4; when the object is a pronoun, the dependent form is used.) Hr wAt - on the road. ------------------------------------------------------------------ Sentence #2 pH: verb (biliteral), "to reach, catch" pH.n.sn: perfect form with the 3rd person plural suffix - THEY reached/caught. pH.n.sn sw: they reached HIM. Finally, the prepositional phrase acts as an adverb, telling WHEN they found him... tr - time r tr - at the time r tr n xAwj - at (the time of) dusk. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Comment: Usually the perfect-expressing-past-time is preceded by an introductory word or particle. But this is not mandatory; these two sentences begin with the perfect form of the verb, without any introduction (Allen 18.9). ****************************************** 20.1G gm.n sw wpwtjw Hr wAt pH.n.sn sw r tr n xAwj The messgeners found him on the road. They reached him at the time of dusk. gm.n - perfect of the 3ae-inf. verb gmj "find" sw - 3MS dependent pronoun as dative wpwtjw - plural noun "messengers" as subject of the perfect. Note the clever spelling of with the triliteral G4a, which includes the plural ending. Hr - preposition "upon", introduces an adverbial prepositional phrase wAt - one of our earlier vocabulary words. noun meaning "road" or "way" The first sentence is thus "The messengers found him on the road." pH.n.sn - perfect of the 2-lit verb pH "reach, catch" with 3P suffix pronoun as subject sw - 3MS dependent pronoun as dative r - preposiontion "to, at", introduces an adverbial prepositional phrase tr - noun "time, season" object of the preposition n - preposition "of" introduces an indirect genitive modifying tr xAwj - "dusk" "They reached him at the road at the time of dusk." Or "They caught him on the road at dusk." ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPYSTUDY COLLATION 20.6 Date: Fri, 4 May 2007 01:51:22 -0500 20.6 ptr jrt.n.k jr.tw r.k nj waA.k xsf.tw mdw.k nj mdw.k m zH n sr(j)w jtn.tw tAzw.k What have you done so that one should act against you? You did not blaspheme so that your speech should be barred. You did not contest the advice of officials so that your sentences should be contradicted. ptr = "what", interrogative pronoun jrt.n.k = "that which you have done", jr.tw = "one should act", subjunctive r.k = "against you", prepositional phrase nj waA.k = "you did not blaspheme", negated perfective xsf.tw mdw.k = "your speech should be barred", passive subjunctive nj mdw.k m = "you did not contest", negated perfective zH n srjw = "the advice of officials", object of mdw.k m jtn.tw tAzw.k = "so that your sentences should be contradicted", passive subjunctive The first line of this exercise is a question, introduced by the pronoun'ptr', "who, what". The next word 'jrt.n.k' is glossed by Allen "that which you have done". This looks like the perfect form of the verb 'jrj', but the way Allen translates it indicates that it fulfils the role of noun in this sentence. So this is a nominal sentence with an interrogative pronoun as predicate (§7.13): "what is that which you have done?", or more simply "what have you done?". This is followed by 'jr.tw r.k'. Allen informs us that the verb 'jr.tw' is a subjunctive (as is 'xsf.tw' in line 2 and 'jtn.tw' in line 3). Its subject is the impersonal pronoun 'tw', giving "one should act". Theprepositional phrase 'r.k' means "against you". This is an adverb clause expressing result (§19.8.2): "so that one should act against you". The second line starts 'nj waA.k'. This is an example of the negated perfective, "you did not blaspheme". This is followed by a dependent clause with a subjunctive verb, 'xsf.tw mdw.k'. Like the first line this expresses result. The verb is passive and 'mdw.k' is its subject: "so that your speech should be barred". The third line is grammatically similar to the previous one. The main clause is the negated perfective 'nj mdw.k m zH n srjw'. When followed by 'm' the verb 'mdwj' is translated "contest", and its object is 'zH n srjw', "the advice of officials". There follows another adverb clause expressing result. This is 'jtn.tw tAzw.k', which is again passive, and can be translated "so that your sentences should be contradicted". 20.6 ptr jrt.n.k jr.tw r.k ptr = who? what? jrt.n.k < sDm.n.f form of `jrj' = make/do - so perfect: `you have made/done' prt jrt.n.k = what have you done? jr.tw r < jrj r = act against (someone), but passive voice, so: are acted against by someone or impersonal: one has acted against (someone) = subjunctive with suffix tw construction jrj r.k - act against you; jrj.tw r.k - would/should act against you (by someone), or, someone should act against you together: what have you done, (that) you should be acted against? / (that) someone should act against you? b) nj waA.k xsf.tw mdw.k words: nj = negating waA = blaspheme, 3-lit; waA.k, sDm.f form - probably perfective = you have/did not blaspheme xsf = bar, punish, 3-lit; xsf.tw = one punishes - sDm.f form could be subj (that one will punish), perf. (one punished) or imperf. (one punishes, was punishing), but context suggests subjunctive mdw = speech, mdw.k = your speech together: you have not blasphemed, (that) one will punish your speech/ your speech should be punished c) nj mdw.k m zH n srw, jtn.tw TAzw.k words: nj = negating mdw < mdwj = speak, 4ae-inf; mdwj m = contest; mdw.k = you did not contest (perfective) zH = advice srw < srjw = officials jtn = contradict, 3-lit; jtn.tw = subjunctive - one will/should contradict TAz = sentence (of speech); TAz.k = your sentences together: you did not contest the advice of the officials, (so that) one should contradict your sentences ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPYSTUDY COLLATION 20.2 Date: Fri, 4 May 2007 01:46:00 -0500 20.2 Allen says it is a description of the king, from the story of Sinuhe read from right to left (wmt jb pw, mAa.f aSAt) (wmt) adjective-verb, 3-lit., = thick (from Allen) this is an adjective, the first noun of the direct genitive (jb) noun = heart (pw) demonstrative pronoun = one This is the protasis, it is non-verbal: A pw = He is one thick of heart, (Allen tells us this means he is courageous!) The apodosis: (mAa.f) verb, 2ae-gem., plus 3MS suffix pronoun, = he sees (aSAt) noun = multitude (of enemies) This is an unmarked adverb clause, it expresses concomitant action. =when he sees a multitude of enemies. 20.2 A description of the king from the story of Sinuhe: Transliteration: wmt jb pw mAA.f aSAt Dissection: 1) wmt = (adj.-verb 3-lit.) "thick" 2) jb = "heart" 3) wmt jb = a nfr Hr construction (6.5), "thick of heart" or lit., "one who is thick of heart." Allen tells us this means "courageous." 4) wmt jb pw = a nonverbal A pw sentence: "He is one who is thick of heart." 5) mAA.f = imperfective: "he see" 6) aSAt = "multitude" (i.e., of the king's enemies) 7) mAA.f aSAt = this is an unmarked adverb clause expressing concomitant action. When is the king courageous? "when he sees a multitude (of his enemies)." Translation: Literal: He is one who is thick of heart when he see a multitude. Paraphrase: He is courageous when confronted by a multitude of his enemies. ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 20.5 Date: Fri, 4 May 2007 01:48:30 -0500 20.5 transliteration: wn.jn Hm.f hAb.f n.j Xr Awt-a nt xr-nswt sAw.f jb n bAk jm mj hqA n xAst nbt translation: Then His Incarnation was sending me gifts of the king's possessions, so he was making his humble servant happy like the ruler of any foreign land This main clause of this sentence is 'wn.jn Hm.f hAb.f n.j Xr Awt-a nt xr-nswt'. It begins with the introductory word 'wn.jn', which is typically translated "then". This clause contains the SUBJECT-imperfective construction. The subject is given by 'Hm.f' which Allen typically translates as "His Incarnation". The imperfective is 'hAb' of the 3-lit. verb 'hAb' ("send"). The 3MS suffix pronoun 'f' attached to 'hAb' resumes the subject. The SUBJECT-IMPERFECTIVE in main clauses is used to express either a generalization or to express the imperfect. Here if the intention is to express a generalization, 'wn.jn Hm.f hAb.f' means "then His Incarnation would/used to send". If the intention is to express the imperfect, the phrase means "then his Incarnation was sending". With the line standing in isolation, it's not clear which translation better captures the intended meaning. The dative 'n.j' means "to me". The clause is modified by the prepositional phrase 'Xr Awt-a nt xr-nswt'. The compound noun 'Awt-a' means "gift". Allen tells us that 'xr-nswt' means "king's possessions. The prepositional phrase thus means "with (under) the gifts of the king's possessions". There is no expressed direct object in this clause; (assuming that 'hAb' is normally transitive) perhaps there is an implied conveyor ("him, her, it") that was mentioned earlier in the text from which this line is taken. Barring that, I take "gifts of the king's possessions" as the object of the verb in my translation to render it in more idiomatic English. 'sAw.f jb n bAk jm mj hAq n xswt nbt' is an unmarked adverb clause modifying the preceding clause. 'sAw' is the imperfective form of the 3ae-inf. verb 'sAwj' which means "extend, lengthen". The subject of the clause is given by the 3MS suffix pronoun 'f' ("he") attached to the verb. The object of the verb is 'jb n bAk jm' ("heart, mind"); according to the dictionary at the back of the book, 'sAwj jb' (literally "extend the heart") is an idiom for "make happy". 'jb' is followed by the indirect genitive 'n bAk jm'. 'bAk jm', which literally means "the worker therein", is an idiom meaning "your/his humble servant". Thus, it is "his [Incarnation's] humble servant" who is being made happy. The clause is modified by the prepositional phrase 'mj hqA n xAst nbt'. 'mj' means "like" and 'hqA' means "ruler". 'hqA' is followed by the indirect genitive 'n xAst nbt' where 'xAst' means "foreign land" and 'nb' means "any, each". The imperfective in adverb clauses is used to denote action concomitant with the governing clause. Also, this adverb clause expresses a result of the action in the governing (preceding) clause. Thus, I translate this clause as "so he was making his humble servant happy like the ruler of any foreign land". 20.5 wn.jn Hm.f hAb.f n.j xr Awt-a nt xr-nswt sAw.f jb n bAk jm mj HqA n xAst nbt wn.jn = then Hm.f = His Majesty hAb = (verb 3-lit) send, send word n.j = to me (dative) xr = under (here, 'loaded with') Awt-a = gift nt = genetive, fem. ending agrees with xr-nswt (king's posessions, honorary transposition) sAwj jb = (verb caus 3ae-inf) make happy bAk = servant jm = 'as' mj = like HqA = ruler n = genetive xAst = foreign land nbt = every, any (fem ending agrees with that of the noun xAst) SO: Then His Majesty - he sent to me loaded with gift of the king's = possessions. He made his servant happy like any foreign ruler 20.5 translit: wn.jn Hm.f hAb.f n.j Xr Awt-a nt xr-nswt, sAw.f jb n bAk jm mj HqA n xAst nbt words: wn = perfective of wnn `exist' used to express `was' or `were' when used with imperfective verb form wn.jn = also particle = then Hm.f = his Incarnation hAb.f = sdm.f form of hAb = `send' 3-lit, here likely to be imperfective - together with preceding wn = `was sending' n.j = to me Xr = under Awt-a = gift(s) - lit: extending of the arm Xr Awt-a = under gifts > with gifts nt = of/belonging to xr-nswt = presence (nearness) of the king sAw.f jb < sAwj jb = make happy (caus. 3ae.inf) < Awj jb = long/ happy of heart; again with preceding wn > `(he) was making happy' n = of bAk jm = (your) humble servant mj = like HqA = ruler xAst nbt = every/any foreign land together: his Incarnation was sending (to) me gifts belonging to the presence of the king, was making your humble servant happy, like a ruler of every/any foreign land 20.5 TRANSLITERATION: wn.jn Hm.f hAb.f n.j xr Awt-a nt xr-nswt sAw.f jb n bAk jm mj HqA n xAst nbt wn.jn - "then", introductory word Hm.f - "his majesty" (Hm - noun "majesty", .f - 3MS suffix personal pronoun) hAb.f - verb form: imperfective (from 3-lit. verb hAb "send", .f - 3MS suffix personal pronoun) n.j - dative "to me", (n - preposition, .j - 1S suffix personal pronoun) xr - preposition "on, upon" (to be under is also to carry or have it, here can be translated as "loaded with" - see 8.15) Awt-a - noun "gift" nt - indirect genitive "of", feminine form xr-nswt - "king's possessions" sAw.f - imperfective verb from (from 3ae-inf. verb "sAwj - "extend") jb - noun "heart" "extend the heart" = "make happy" n - indirect genitive "of", masculine form bAk - masc. noun "slave, servant" jm - prepositional nisbe "inherent in, as" (from prep. m - "in") mj - preposition "like", as well as" (see 8.4) HqA - masc. noun, "ruler" n - indirect genitive "of", masculine form (agrees with "ruler") xAst - feminine noun "foreign land" nbt - primary adjective "all, every", feminine singular (agrees with "foreign land") TRANSLATION: "Then his majesty has sent to me loaded with a gift of the king's possessions; he made his servant happy like every ruler of foreign land." ==============================================================================