From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 19.11 Date: Tue, 20 Mar 2007 00:58:02 -0500 19.11 Transliteration: wDA Hm.k r prw nw zXAw mA Hm.k mdw-nTr nbw Translation: Your incarnation should proceed to the house of writings, that your incarnation might see all the hieroglyphs. wDA = proceed - verb 3-lit, the subjunctive as a wish or command (19.5.1) Hm.k = incarnation + .k = your - 2MS suffix personal pronoun r = to - preposition prw = house - noun, plural nw = of - indirect genitive, masculine plural zXAw = writings, - noun mA = might - verb 2ae-gem form of mAA see, regard (subjunctive in an adverb clause to express purpose 19.8.1) Hm.k = incarnation + k = your - 2 MS suffix personal pronoun mdw-nTr = hieroglyphs nbw = all - adjective, plural 19.11 read left to right wDA Hm.k r prw nw zXAw, mA Hm.k mdw-ntr nbw Your Incarnation should proceed to the houses of writings, Your Incarnation might see all the hieroglyphs. wDA verb 3-lit proceed Hm incarnation .k personal pronoun your r preposition 8.2.7 to prw (plural strokes) noun houses nw zXAw noun writings mA verb 2ae see Hm incarnation .k personal pronoun your mdw-nTr (plural strokes) hieroglyphs nbw adjective all The subjunctive expresses command. 19.11 Transliteration: wDa Hm.k r prw nw zXAw mA Hm.k mdw-nTr nbw. Dissection: 1) wDA = subjunctive of wDA (3-lit) "proceed" (expressing a polite command) (19.5.1) 2) Hm.k = "Your Majesty, Your Incarnation" 3) r = "to" 4) prw = "houses" 5) nw = indirect genitive (masculine plural) (4.13.2) 6) zXAw = "writings" 6a) prw nw zXAw = "the houses of writings" 7) mA = subjunctive of mAA (2ae-gem) "see, regard" 8) Hm.k = "Your Majesty, Your Incarnation" 9) mdw-nTr = "divine speech," i.e., "hieroglyphs" (NOTE the honorific transposition in the writing.) 10) nbw = "all" Translation: "May Your Incarnation proceed to the Houses of Writings and see all the hieroglyphs." ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 19.12 Date: Tue, 20 Mar 2007 01:27:40 -0500 19.12 jr qn.n.k rwD jb.k mH.k qnj.k m Xrdw.k sn.k Hmt.k mA.k pr.k "If you persevered and your heart is firm, you will your embrace with your children, you will kiss your wife, and you will see your home." Breaking this down into clauses: jr qn.n.k - this is the perfect of the 3ae-inf. verb 'qnj' meaning "dilligent, brave, persevering" with 2MS suffix pronoun as subject. 'jr' here is the normal preposition, so this is literally "With respect to you having persevered, you being dilligent." But 'jr' is being used here to introduce a conditional clause (section 19.7) and as such is more properly translated "If you were dilligent," "If you persevered" rwD jb.k - This is non-verbal sentence with adjectival predicate. 'rwD' is the 3-lit adj.-verb "be firm" and 'jb.k' is the noun phrase "your heart." This clause means "your heart is strong". From later context, this must also be part of the conditional clause: "If you persevered and your hearts is firm..." mH.k qnj.k m Xrdw.k - This is a subjunctive construction. 'mH' is a 2-lit. verb "fill", with the 2MS suffix pronoun as subject. qnj.k "your embrace" is the object. The subjunctive here expresses a contingent future conditional on the earlier perfect and non-verbal adjectival clauses. This is modified by an adverbial prepositional phrase 'm Xrdw.k' giving "You will fill your embrace with your children." sn.k Hmt.k - This is a parallel subjunctive construction, again with 2MS suffix pronoun as subject. The 2-lit. verb 'sn' means "kiss" here, and the object is the noun phrase 'Hmt.k' "your wife". So the whole clause means "You will kiss your wife", contingent on the protasis. mA.k pr.k - This is a third parallel subjunctive construction. The subject is again the 2MS suffix pronoun. The verb is the 2ae-gem.mAA "see" and the object is the noun phrase 'pr.k' "your house". This clause means "You will see your house." 19.12 TRANSLITERATION: jr qn.n.k rwD jb.k mH.k qnj.k m Xrdw.k sn.k Hmt.k mA.k pr.k jr - preposition, translated "as for" (see 8.2.7) at the beginning of the sentence (also marks the conditional sentence; if a conditional clause - protasis - is introduced by ir it is translated as "if, when, as") qn.n.k (qn - 3ae-inf. verb, .n - marks the past tense, .k - 2MS suffix pronoun "your") jr qn.n.k - "If you were brave" rwD - adjective as verb, 3-lit., meaning "firm" jb.k - noun phrase ("your heart", jb - "heart", .k - 2MS suffix pronoun "your") rwD jb.k - "Your heart is firm" mH.k - base form of the 2-lit. verb mH "fill", subjunctive, .k - 2MS suffix pronoun "your") qnj.k - noun phrase "your embrace" (qnj - "embrace", .k - 2MS suffix pronoun "your") m - preposition "in", here has a meaning "with, through, by" something ("in" the use of something) Xrdw.k - noun phrase "your children" (Xrdw - plural noun "children", .k - 2MS suffix pronoun "your") mH.k qnj.k m Xrdw.k "You will fill your embrace with your children" sn.k - base form of the 2-lit. verb sn "kiss", subjunctive, .k - 2MS suffix pronoun "your") Hmt.k - noun phrase "your wife" (Hmt - "wife", .k - 2MS suffix pronoun "your") sn.k Hmt.k - "You will kiss your wife" mA.k - base form of the 2ae-gem. verb mAA "see", subjunctive, .k - 2MS suffix pronoun "your") pr.k - noun phrase "your house" (pr - "house", .k - 2MS suffix pronoun "your") mA.k pr.k - "You will see your house" TRANSLATION: "If you were brave and your heart is/was firm, you will fill your embrace with your children, you will kiss your wife and you will see your house" QUESTION: SENT IN BY FELLOW HMWK VOLUNTEER NOT ASSIGNED TO THIS PROBLEM In 19.12 we get jr qn.n.k rwD jb.k mH.k qnj.k m Xrd(w).k sn.k Hmt.k mA.k pr.k If you have perservered [and] your heart has been firm, then you will fill your embrace with you children, you will kiss your wife and you will see your house. Now, "jr" indicates an 'if-then'-sentence. The first verb is a perfect form "qn.n.k". All the rest of the verbs are subjunctive. So how do you decide where 'if'-part ends and the 'then'-part begins? You may of course say that it is a logical translation, but one might also imagine something like 'If you have persevered [until now] then may your heart be [also] firm [in the future] and may you embrace your children etc. which, grammatically, would seem more logical. So did I miss some rule or is it all a matter of interpretation? RESPONSE: I think if it were that, rwD would have to be subjunctive, i.e. jr qn.n.k rwD.k jb.k. As I understood this, rwD here is a noun (or an infinitive?) as the non-verbal predicate of a nominal sentence. Without the subjunctive there's no "may" about the heart being firm. The closest section 19.7 comes to saying this is "The contingent meaning of the subjunctive makes it a natural form for conditional sentences." So you could translate 'jr qn.n.k rwD jb.k' as "If you have been steadfast your heart is firm." And I guess that works, it just sounds a little weird when followed by the subjunctives. "If you have been steadfast your heart is firm. Your embrace will be filled willed with your children, you will kiss your wife, and you will see your home." vs "If you have been steadfast and firm of heart, your embrace will be filled with your children, you will kiss your wife, and you will see your home." They mean almost the same thing, and I agree the second "makes more sense" from our point of view, but that's all I can think of from a grammatical perspective. More discussion would be good. You're not the only one confused. :) ANOTHER REPSONSE: I believe that rwD is to be understood here as an adjective and that rwD jb.k is an adjectival sentence. Although Allen describes rwD as an adjective-verb it seems to be used most commonly as an adjective. This may not be conclusive evidence that this clause belongs in the protasis ('if' part of the sentence), but, to my mind, it favours that interpretation. ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 19.13 Date: Tue, 20 Mar 2007 01:46:25 -0500 19.13 Transliteration: sDd.j bAw.k n jtj dj.j sSA.f m aA.k Translation: I will relate your impressiveness to the sovereign; I will make him aware of your greatness. sDd = relate - verb caus 2-lit + .j = I - 1S suffix personal pronoun (subjunctive expressing the future - denotes actor's intension, used with first-person subject) = I will relate bAw.k = impressiveness - noun + .k = your - 2MS personal pronoun (noun phrase) = your impressiveness n = to - preposition jtj = sovereign - noun dj.j - causative meaning from verb anom. rdj - give + .j = I - 1S suffix personal pronoun (subjunctive after rdj 19.10) = I will make sSA = aware - adjective - verb 3-lit + .f = him - 3MS suffix personal pronoun m = of - preposition aA.k = greatness - noun + .k = your - 2MS suffix personal pronoun 19.13 TRANSLITERATION: sDd.j bAw.k n jtj, dj.j sSA.f m aA.k sDd.j - "I will relate" - subjunctive (sDd - verb, caus. 2-lit., .j - 1S suffix personal pronoun, "I") bAw.k - noun phrase "your impressiveness" (bAw - noun "impressiveness", .k - 2MS suffix personal pronoun, "your") n jtj - "to sovereign" (n - preposition "to, toward", jtj - noun "sovereign") sDd.j bAw.k n jtj - "I will relate your impressiveness to the sovereign" dj.j - "I will cause" - subjunctive (for rdj + subjunctive see 19.10) (dj - base form of the anom. verb rdj "give, put, allow", .j - 1S suffix personal pronoun, "I") sSA.f - "he will be aware" (sSA - adjective from 3-lit. verb sSA "aware", .f - 3MS suffix personal pronoun, "he") m - preposition "in" (here "of" ("in" or "of" a material or contents - see 8.2.3) m aA.k - "of your greatness" (aA - noun, "greatness", .k - 2MS suffix personal pronoun, "your") dj.j sSA.f m aA.k - "I will make him to become aware of your greatness" TRANSLATION: "I will relate your impressiveness to the sovereign. I will make him to become aware of your greatness." 19.13 read right to left sDd.j bAw.k n jtj, dj.j sSA.f m aA.k I will relate your impressiveness to the soverign, I will make him become aware of your greatness. sDd verb caus.2-lit relate .j personal pronoun I bAw noun impressiveness .k personal pronoun your n preposition 8.2.6 to jtj noun (essay 6) sovereign .j personal pronoun I sSA adjective-verb 3-lit aware .f personal pronoun him m make aA verb 3ae-inf greatness .k personal pronoun your** ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 19.17 Date: Sat, 24 Mar 2007 16:49:14 -0500 19.17 reads from right to left (jmj wD.tw n bAk-jm jrt mdw jAwj dj.tw aHa zA.h m st.j) (jmj) verb = give, put (wD.tw) noun plus impersonal suffix pronoun The above together make a passive imperative = Let it be commanded (n) preposition = to (bAk-jm) noun = your humble servant (jrt) verb, 3-lit., = make/do (mdw) noun = staff of old age (jAwj) The above two are an infinitive with its object = to make a staff of old age (apparently a euphemism for a son who cares for his father) (dj.tw) verb, anom., passive subjunctive, plus the next word - (aHa) verb, 3-lit., = go on duty, stand up =make to stand up (zA.j) noun plus 1MS = my son (m) preposition = in (st.j) noun plus 1MS suffix pronoun = my place =Let it be commanded to your humble servant to make a staff of old age, and let my son stand up in my place. an unmarked noun clause as the object of the imperative ************************************************************************ 19.17 jm(j) wD.tw n bAk jm jrt mdw jAwj dj.tw aHa zA.j m st.j Let it be commanded to your humble servant to make a staff of old age and my son be allowed to stand in my place. jmj = "Let", imperative of rdj wD.tw = "one command", passive subjunctive of wD (2-lit.), object of jmj (§19.10) n bAk jm = "to your humble servant", dative; for bAk jm see §8.10 jrt = "to make", object of wD.tw mdw jAwj = "a staff of old age", direct genitive dj.tw = "one give", passive subjunctive of rdj, a second object of jmj aHa = "stand, subjunctive of aHa (3-lit.), object of dj.tw zA.j = "my son" subject of aHa m st.j = "in my place", prepositional phrase This exercise contains several examples of the subjunctive after 'rdj' (§19.10). The entire sentence is a construction of this type with jmj, The imperative of 'rdj'. The imperative has two objects, each a phrase beginning with a subjunctive verb. The first is 'wD.tw n bAk jm jrt mdw jAwj'. The verb 'wD.tw' is a passive subjunctive, "be commanded". The object of this verb is 'jrt mdw jAwj', "to make a 'staff of old age'", where 'jrt' is the infinitive of the verb 'jrj'. The errata notes that this is a rare example which does not follow the normal word order. Here, 'n bAk jm', a dative with a noun phrase, Precedes the object. The phrase 'bAk jm' is a Egyptian idiom, commonly used in letters to a superior (see Essay 25). The fact the 'dj.tw' is a passive, mirroring 'wD.tw', suggests this verb begins a another object of 'jmj', rather than, for example, an unmarked adverb clause continuing the imperative, in which one would expect an active verb. This second object is itself an example of the subjunctive following 'rdj'. The object of the passive subjunctive 'dj.tw', is 'aHa zA.j m st.j', "my son shall stand in my place", where 'aHa' is another subjuctive. When the causative 'dj.tw' is taken into account, this becomes "my son shall be allowed to stand in my place". 19.17 jmj wD.tw n bAk-jm jrt mdw jAwj dj.tw aHa zA.j m st.j "Let it be commanded to your humble servant to make 'a staff of old age' and to have my son stand in my place." jmj - imperative "give, put" wD.tw - passive subjunctive of wD "command" n bAk-jm - dative bAk-jm is "your humble servant" by the dictionary So far we have an unmarked noun clause acting as the object of the imperative. "Give (that) it is commanded to your humble servant." jrt mdw - "to make a staff" Infinitive of jrj "make", mdw with a literal stroke means "staff" instead of the more common "words". Mdw is the object of the infinitive. jAwj - noun "old age" in direct genitive with mdw. So we now have "Give (that) it is commanded to your humble servant to make a staff of old age." In the dictionary 'mdw jAwj' is glossed as an idiom for a son who cares for his father. dj.tw - passive subjunctive of rdj "give", starting a new clause aHa zA.j - "my son stand up" this is also subjunctive m st.j - "in my place" So this clause is "It be given that my son stand up in my place." It makes sense to consider this a second clause acting (in apposition?) as a second object to the imperative. Thus we have: "Give (that) it be commanded to your humble servant to make a staff of old age, and it be given that my son stand up in my place." Question: whence the translation of bAk-jm. Is the 'your' here part of that phrase somehow (as an idiom?) is that just a hint and it means something like one-who-serves? Having this as a gloss makes it clear that it is the servant who is speaking, asking that their master allow them to retire in favor of their son, which wouldn't otherwise be clear, but is perhaps obvious from the broader context surrounding this passage? ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 19.16 Date: Sat, 24 Mar 2007 16:42:18 -0500 19.16 m qA jb.k tm.f dHj Don't let your heart become exalted, and it won't become humiliated. m qA = "don't let become exalted", negative imperative (§16.4) jb.k = "your heart", subject of qA tm.f dHj = "it will not become humiliated", negated subjunctive (§19.11.3) This sentence starts with an imperative and illustrates the 'tm.f sDm' type of subjunctive negation. This type of negation is used in dependent clauses (§19.11.3). The main clause starts with the negative imperative 'm', "don't", Followed by 'qA', the negatival complement of 'qAj', which is an adjective-verbmeaning "(be) high". Here 'jb.k', "your heart", is the subject of 'qA'. In such cases the appropriate translation of the negative imperative is "don't let your heart be high" (§16.4). In the dependent clause 'tm.f' is a subjunctive and 'dHj' is the negatival complement. In the glossary Allen gives the meaning of 'dhj' as "humiliate", but Faulkner's dictionary says "be humiliated". The latter is how Allen translates the word in this sentence: "it will not become humiliated". This is an unmarked adverb clause. Such clauses can continue an imperative or express purpose or result (§19.8). A result clause would fit best here. 19.16 Transliteration: m qA jb.k tm.f dHj Translation: Don't let your heart become exalted and it won't become humiliated. m = Don't let - imperative form of negative verb jmj (16.4) qA = become exalted - form of adjective verb 3ae-inf - get high (subjunctive as a wish or command in conditional sentences (19.7) jb.k = heart - subject of negatival complement qA + .k = your - 2MS suffix personal pronoun = your heart tm.f = won't - from verb 2-lit "not do" + .f = it 3MS = it won't dHj = become humiliated - verb 3-lit (it won't become humiliated - negation with subjunctive 19.11.3) Purpose and result negation 19.11.4 19.16 Transliteration: m qA jb.k tm.f dHj Dissection: 1) m = negation (16.4) "don't" 2) qA = "high" (adj.-verb 3ae-inf.); subjunctive (polite command) 3) jb.k = "your heart" 3a) m qA jb.k = lit., "Don't let your heart get high." 4) tm.f = subjunctive of tm (2-lit.) "not do" + .f (3rd person masc. singular suffix pronoun) (i.e., referring to jb.k) "It shall not..." 5) dHj = "become humiliated" (3-lit.) Translation: Literal: "Don't let your heart get high and it shall not become humiliated." Paraphrase: "If you don't think too highly of yourself, you won't become humiliated." (See 19.7 for the subjunctive in conditional sentences) ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 19.14 Date: Sat, 24 Mar 2007 16:09:36 -0500 19.4 read right to left dj.j jn.t(w) n.k Haw Atp.w Xr Spssw nb n kmt I will send you ships loaded with all the fine things of Egypt. dj verb anom. .j personal pronoun I jnj verb 3ae-inf send .k personal pronoun you Haw noun ships Atp verb 3-lit a stative loaded Xr preposition 8.2.15 under used adverbially loaded with Spssw adjective 3ae-gem fine things nb adjective all n prepositional nisbee 4.13.2 of kmt noun Egypt 19.14 dj.j jn.t(w) n.k Haw Atp.w Xr Spssw nb n kmt I will have ships brought to you loaded with all the finery of Egypt. dj.j = "I will make", subjunctive of rdj (anom.) jn.t(w) = "fetched/brought", passive subjunctive of jnj (3ae-inf.) - the object of dj.j (§19.10) n.k = "to you", dative Haw = "ships", subject of jn.tw Atp.w = "loaded", stative of Atp Xr Spssw nb = "under all the finery", prepositional phrase n kmt = "of Egypt", indirect genitive This is an example of rdj + subjunctive, which has causative meaning (§19.10). Here 'dj.j' is itself subjunctive, expressing a future action. At first glance the second word looks like 'jnt', the subjunctive of 'jnj'(§19.2). And 'Haw', "ships" is a plausible subject for this verb; i.e. "I will have ships bring . ". However, in that case sense demands that this be followed by what the ships will bring, in the form of a direct object of 'jnt'. Since there is no noun phrase which plays this role, another explanation must be sought. When used with the impersonal suffix pronoun 'tw', 'jnt' becomes 'jn.tw' (one 't') (§19.4). Not infrequently 'tw' loses the weak consonant and is written as just 't' (see §15.5). So this could be 'jn.t(w)' Then 'Haw' would be the subject of a passive subjuctive "I will have ships brought .", and no direct object is needed. 'n.k', "to you" is a pronomial dative, which as usual comes before the subject. 'Haw'. The remainder of the sentence is an unmarked relative clause describing the ships. It consists of the stative 'Atp.w', "loaded" (cf. §17.18) followed by the prepositional phrase 'Hr Spssw nb n kmt', literally "under all the finery of Egypt". *********************************************************************** 19.14 TRANSLITERATION: dj.j jn.t(w) n.k Haw Atp.(w) Xr Spssw nb n kmt dj.j - base form of anom. verb rdj "give, put, allow", subjunctive jn.t(w) - "one will fetch" (jnt - base form of 3ae-inf. verb jnj (this verb has an irregular final t, sometimes spelled tw), subjunctive, tw - impersonal subject pronoun, translated as "one") dj.j jn.t(w) - literally "have one fetch", translated as "send" n.k - preposition "to, for" (indicates the goal of motion, when the goal is a person - here .k - "you"m 2MS suffix pronoun) Haw Atp.(w) - noun phrase "loaded boats" (Haw - plural noun "boats", Atp.(w) - adjective following the noun, "loaded" (verb Atp - "load", stative) Xr - preposition "under" (to be "under" something is also to carry or have it - see 8.2.15, here can be translated "with") Spssw nb - noun phrase "every finery" (Spssw - collective noun, nb - adjective, "every, all", follows the noun) Spssw nb n kmt - noun phrase "every finery of Kemet", indirect genitive (kmt - "black land" = Egypt, n - genitival adjective) TRANSLATION: I will sent you ships loaded with all the Egyptian finery" ******************************************************************** 19.14 dj.j jn.t(w) n.k Haw Apt.(w) Xr Spssw nb n kmt dj.j - "I will give" subjunctive of rdj jn.tw - "will be brought" passive subjunctive of jnj n.k - "to you" dative Haw - "a boat" object of jnj The clause in jnj forms an unmarked noun clause standing as the object of dj.j. Section 19.10 explains that this has a causative meaning. So far we have "I will give (that) a boat will be brought to you." In the answer key Allen indicates this is a way of saying "I will _send_ a boat to you." The rest of the sentence is I think another unmarked noun clause, which, the noun Haw, acts as the full object of jn.tw. 'Haw Apt.(w)' is a subject-stative construction. I didn't figure this out on my own, but me might guess it from the fact that the verb 'Apt' "load" has no following word which could be the subject if it's in the subjunctive, and we expect a boat to be something that can be loaded. So this is "A boat loaded." Xr Spssw nb - prepositional phrase "with every finery" n kmt - "of Egypt" Putting it together we have "I shall cause to be sent to you a boat loaded with all the finery of Egypt." ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 19.15 Date: Sat, 24 Mar 2007 16:37:12 -0500 19.15 Transliteration: mAa.n.f n.(j) wnt xr.f rx.n.f xrp.jn.f st Dissection: 1) mAa.n.f = perfect of mAa (3-lit.) "guide, direct" + 3rd masc. singular suffix: "He has directed" 2) n.(j) = "to me" (1st person singular suffix not written) 3) wnt xr.f = from Allen's hints: "what he had," lit., "what was by him" 4) rx.n.f = perfect of rx (2-lit) "learn, know" (18.11 & 18.10) used here as an adverb clause: "he has known, having known" 5) xrp.j = xrp (3-lit.) "manage" + A44 for .j, showing that the person referred to in the 1st person in the king. 6) n.f = "for him" 7) st = 3rd person neutral dependent pronoun (the direct object), "it" 8) Translation: He has directed to me what he had, knowing that I would manage it for him. 19.15 reads from left to right (mAa.n.f wnt xr.f rx.n.f xrp n.f st) I think Allen's comma is in the wrong place. (mAa.n.f) verb, 3-lit., plus 3MS = he has guided (wnt xr.f) from Allen = what he had = He has guided what he had, (rx.n.f) verb, 2-lit., plus 3MS suffix pronoun = he knew, knowing (xrp.j) verb, 3-lit., plus 1S suffix pronoun = I would manage (n.f) preposition plus 3MS suffix pronoun = to/for him (st) dependent pronoun = it = knowing I would manage it for him. ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 19.18 Date: Sat, 24 Mar 2007 16:52:20 -0500 19.18 (jr Xzj.k, Sms a jqr, nfr sSmw.k nb xr nTr) A conditional sentence - Protasis: (jr) proclitic particle = if (Xzj.k) adjective - verb, 3-ae-inf. plus 2MS = you would be wretched/miserable =If you would be miserable, Apodosis: (Smsj) verb, 4ae-inf., = follow (zj) noun = man (jqr) adj., verb, 3-lit. = excellent, successful =(then) follow the successful man. (nfr) adj.-verb, 3-lit. = be good (sSmw.k) noun = conduct but it becomes a passive exhortation - subjunctive plus 2MS = let your conduct (nb) adj. = all (xr) preposition = before (nTr) noun = god =Let all your conduct be good before the god. 19.18 read right to left jr Xz.k Sms z(j) jqr nfr sSmw.k nb xr nTr If you are lowly, follow a successful man, and let all your conduct be good before the god. jr the conditional clause introduced as jr (translated as if) makes the protasis come before the apodosis Xz adjective-verb 3ae-inf lowly .k personal pronoun you Sms noun follow z(j) noun man jqr adjective-verb 3-lit successful nfr adjective-verb 3-lit good sSmw noun conduct .k personal pronoun your nb adjective all ntr noun god ==============================================================================