From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY: ABOUT NEXT WEEK'S COLLATION Date: Sun, 29 Oct 2006 15:42:43 -0600 Hey Gang, This week's collation #1 for Lesson 18 will be out as usual, but next week I will be on vacation so we won't have a collation on Sunday/Monday November 5th. Things will just be delayed one week with the 2nd collation picking up on the 11th and so on. best, Karen ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY 18.1 Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2006 18:55:17 -0600 18.1 transliteration: nb.j jw gm.n.j wa m nn n sxtj nfr mdw n wn mAa translation: My lord, I have found one of these peasants who is truly beautiful of speech This sentence begins with the vocative phrase 'nb.j', "my lord", indicating the person addressed. In this sentence, we have a verbal predicate involving a verb in the perfect. The clause is introduced with the particle 'jw'. This is then followed by 'gm.n.j' which involves the perfect 'gm.n' from the 3ae-inf. verb 'gmj' meaning "find"; the perfect here is formed from the base stem 'gm' of the verb with the perfect suffix 'n' attached. The suffix 'j' is the 1S suffix pronoun and is the subject of the clause. The perfect is generally used to express completed action and thus translated using the English present or past perfect; so, 'gm.n.j' can be translated 'I have found'. The object of the verb is the noun phrase 'wa m nn n sxtj nfr mdw n wn mAa'. This consists of the cardinal number 'wa', "one", followed by the prepositional phrase 'm nn n sxtj'. The combination 'wa m Y' is used to express "one of [the collection] Y". Y in this case is 'nn n sxtj nfr mdw n wn mAa' which involves the standard plural demonstrative construction. 'sxtj' means "peasant", so 'nn n sxtj' means "these peasants". The remaining part is 'nfr mdw n wn mAa'. 'nfr mdw' is a 'nfr Hr' construction. 'nfr' means beautiful and 'mdw' means "speech". The adjective 'nfr' is modified by the prepositional phrase 'n wn mAa' (this prepositional phrase cannot come immediately after 'nfr' because the direct genitive between 'nfr' and 'mdw' cannot be split) which means "truly" according to the dictionary at the back of the book. We thus have that 'nfr mdw n wn mAa' means "(one) truly beautiful of speech". In this sentence, the adjective 'nfr' modifies the noun 'sxtj', and so 'nfr mdw n wn mAa' is here translated by the English relative clause "who is truly beautiful of speech". Putting all the bits of this and the previous paragraph together, we have that 'wa m nn n sxtj nfr mdw n wn mAa' means "one of these peasants who is beautiful of speech". ************************************************ 18.1 glyphs: nb-DET-j-j-w-gm-m-m-j-wa-a-m-nn-n-sxt-t-j-DET-nfr-f-r-md-d-w-DET-n-wn- n-mA-mAa-a-DET-DET grouped: nb.j jw gm.n.j wa m nn n sxtj nfr mdw n wn maa words: nb=lord, nb.j=my lord jw=introd. particle, used with perfect - means what follows can mean completed action or past event gm wn mAa=reality > n wn mAa=really, truly, in truth literally: my lord, I have found one of these/those peasant(s) beautiful of speech in reality/truth so as per Allen: my lord I have found one of those peasants who is truly beautiful of speech 18.1 Read right to left. Transcription: nb.j gm.n.j wa m nn n sxtj nfr mdw n wn mAa Dissection: 1) nb.j = The determinative G7 "divine" shows that his is a "divine" lord (i.e., most likely the king or a god) (.j is the 1st person singular suffix pronoun). So, the first three signs can be translated "my lord"with this understanding. This is an example of a vocative noun. 2) jw = introductory particle 3) gm.n.j = "I have found/I found" from gmj (verb 3ae-inf.) "find." gm.n is the perfect (identified by the .n and the .j 1st person singular suffix pronoun). 4) wa = the number one (9.2) 5) wa m = the number wa is connected to a following noun by the preposition m meaning "one of many" (9.2) 6) nn = demonstrative pronoun (this, these, those) (M22-M22) 7) n = indirect genitive 8) sxtj = "peasant" 9) wa m nn n sxtj = "one of these peasants" (5.9) The noun following n is sometimes singular rather than plural in form, although the meaning is still plural: literally, "this of peasant" 10) nfr mdw = a nfr Hr construction (6.5), literally, "a beautiful one of speech," or, in other words "one who has beautiful speech" (see Essay 18). nfr mdw stands in apposition to wa m nn n sxtj. 11) n wn mAa = "truly" (from dictionary) Translation: Literal: My lord, I have found one of these peasants, truly one who has beautiful speech. ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 18.3 Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2006 18:57:49 -0600 18.3 rdj.n.f wj m Hrj jmw jzAt jst grt rx.n.f wj m sr(j) mnx n Hwt-nTr.f rdj.n.f = he has given, put (perfect) wj = me Hrj = chief jmw = boat jzAt = crew jst = for, because grt = also rx.n.f = he knew me (learned my character) (perfect) sr(j) = official mhx = efficient Hwt-nTr = temple He has made me (put me in the capacity of) the chief of the boat and crew, because he knew me as an efficient official of his temple. 18.3 rdj.n.f wj m Hrj jm(w) jz(w)t jsT grt rx.n.f wj m sr(j) mnx n Hwt-nTr.f He appointed me chief of a boat and crew for he knew me, moreover, as an efficient official of his temple. rdj.n.f = "He appointed me", verb in the perfect wj = "me", 1s dependent pronoun, object of the verb m preposition (= in the capacity of) Hrj = "chief", actually a prepositional nisbe meaning "the one over" jmw jzwt = "a boat and crew", noun phrase jsT = "for", particle introducing a dependent clause grt = "moreover", particle rx.n.f = "he knew", verb in the perfect wj = "for", particle introducing a dependent clause m = "as", preposition srj = "official", noun, object of the preposition mnX = "worthwhile, efficient", adjective n Hwt-nTr.f = "of his temple", indirect genitive This sentence begins with the perfect 'rdj.n.f'. In accordance with the usual word order, which in this case is Vso, the subject is the suffix pronoun '.f' and the object is the dependent pronoun 'wj' (§18.4). Then there is a prepositional phrase 'm Hrj jmw jzwt'. With the preposition 'm', the verb 'rdj' can mean "to appoint". The preposition 'm' is used in a similar way when describing a person's office or position in a non-verbal sentence (§10.6), and, here, in the same way we can omit it in the English translation. Allen tells us that this sentence is from an autobiography; So it is about past events. Therefore it is appropriate to translate it with the past tense in English: "He appointed me" (§18.9). 'Hrj' is a prepositional nisbe. Since it follows a preposition, it is beingused as a noun. It means "the one who is over"; i.e. "chief". In Ex. 17.6'hrj' was used on its own to mean "the one who is over it"; here, it governsa following noun phase (§8.7) 'jmw jzwt', "a boat and crew". The particle 'jsT' introduces a subordinate clause. The next word is the enclitic particle 'grt', "moreover". They introduce another sentence starting with a verb in the perfect. This clause has a similar structure to the first half of the sentence. It starts 'rx.n.f wj', "he knew me". In §18.10 Allen tells us that 'rx.n.f'means "he has learnt", and therefore. "he knows". In this case the verb is describing an action that happened in the past from the point of view of the first half of the sentence (cf. 18.7, last example). So here it means "he had learnt", or "he knew". In this half of the sentence English needs a word to translate 'm'. The short way of saying "in the capacity of" is "as" (§8.2.3 penultimate bullet point.). This preposition governs the noun phrase 'srj mnx n Hwt-nTr', "an efficient official of his temple". 'Hwt-nTr' is an example of honorific transposition (§4.15) ************************************************ 18.3 rdj.n.f wj m Hrj jmw jzwt jst grt rx.n.f wj m srj mnx n Hwt-nTr.f rdj = verb anom = give, put, cause rdj.n.f = perfect form of verb + suffix pronoun = he had put wj = dependent pronoun = I, me m = preposition = as Hrj = prep nisbe = who/which is over, upper, chief jmw = noun = boat jzwt = noun = crew rdj.n.f wj m Hrj jmw jzwt = he had put me as chief of the boat and crew jst = proclitic particle = marks a clause as dependent on a previous clause/sentence grt = enclitic particle = moreover, now, butr x = verb 2-lit = learn, know rx.n.f = perfect form of verb + suffix pronoun = he knew wj = dependent pronoun = I, me jst grt rx.n.f wj = because he knew me m = preposition = as srj = noun = official mnx = adjective = functional, worthwhile, efficient n = indirect genitive = of Hwt-nTr.f = noun + suffix pronoun = his temple (house of the gods) m srj mnx n Hwt-nTr.f = as an efficient official of his temple rdj.n.f wj m Hrj jmw jzwt jst grt rx.n.f wj m srj mnx n Hwt- nTr.f = he had put me as chief of the boat and crew because he knew me as an efficient official of his temple ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 18.4 Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2006 18:59:04 -0600 18.4 m.k grt Dd.n n.j rn.f-snb zA zA-nb jw rdj.n.j n.f jtj mH(j) Hq(A)t 2 btj Hq(A)t 1/4 5 Basic construction: 2 perfect constructions, one in the main clause, and the other in the quoted statement. Dd - to say Dd.n - perfect form of the verb 'to say' Dd.n n.j - (someone) said TO ME. next comes the subject: zA-nb - translitered 'Si-neb'. He is the son of rn.f-snb (Renef-Seneb). You would expect zA rnf-snb, but because of honorific transposition, the father's name is put first. See 4.15. The main clause is introduced by a couple of particles: m.k - ('behold' or 'look') grt - 'moreover','but', marking a new topic. (16.7.10) -------------------------------------------------------- rdj.n.j - perfect, 'I gave'. For the verb 'to give', either basecan be used in the perfect. (rdj.n.j or dj.n.j) rdj.n.j n.f - I gave TO HIM. jtj - barley mHtj - northern btj - emmer (wheat) For the details of Egyptian measures, refer to section 9.7.4. 18.4 read right to left m.k grt Dd.n n.j zA-rn.f-snb zA-nb jw rdj.n.j n.f jtj-mH(j) Hq(A) 2btj HqAt 1/4 5 m.k particle look grt particle 16.7.18 moreover Dd verb 2-lit say Dd.n n.j said to me zA-rn.f-snb zA-nb personal names 4.15 Renef-Seneb's son Zaneb jw particle rdj anam. verb give rdj.n.j I have given n preposition to .j pronoun him so rdj.n.j n.j I have given to him jtj-mH(j) northern barley hqAt heqat 2 numerals after the measure stand for multiples of 10 20 so jtj-mH(j) heqat 2 20 heqat northern barley btj sheaf of emmer x 1/4=25 because it comes after the measurement 9.7.4 ..... five dots after the measurement=5 x ..... 25+5=30 so btj hqAtj x ..... 30 heqat of emmer ************************************************ 18.4 ORIENTATION: horizontal, right to left, normal TRANSLITERATION: G17-D36:V31-W11:D21-X1-I10&D46-N35-N35:A1-D21:N35:I9-S29-N35:D58-A1- H8-G38-V30-A1-M17-G43-D21:D36-N35:A1-N35:I9-M33:V23-S38-N29:X1-U9-Z1- Z1-M34-X1:Z4-S38-N29:X1-U9-Z9-N33:N33:N33-N33:N33 G17-D36:V31 m-{var for D38, m(complement)}:k W11:D21-X1 g:r-t I10&D46-N35 Dd:d(complement)-n N35:A1 n:j D21:N35:I9-S29-N35:D58-A1 r:n:f-s-n:b-{ Determinative MAN} H8 zA G38-V30-A1 zA(complement)-nb-{ Determinative MAN} M17-G43 j-w D21:D36-N35:A1 r:{var for D37 - dj}-n:j N35:I9 n:f M33:V23 jtj:mH S38-N29:X1-U9 HqA-q(complement):t(complement)-{ Det GRAIN} Z1-Z1 20 (numeral, after unit of measure is multiplied by 10) M34-X1:Z4 btj-t(complement):j(complement) S38-N29:X1-U9 HqA-q(complement):t(complement)-{ Det GRAIN} Z9 (=1/4 * 100 = 25 when following a Unit of Grain Measure) N33:N33:N33-N33:N33 (heqats use dots to indicate single counts) m.k grt Dd.n n.j rn.f-snb zA zA-nb jw rdj.n.j n.f jtj-mh(j) hqAt 20 btj haAt 30 VOCABULARY: m.k - introductory particle - "behold, see" grt - enclitic particle - "now, moreover, but" Dd - verb, 2lit - "say, speak" n - preposition j - suffix pronoun, 1st sing. zA-nb - per Allen, personal name jw - introductory particle rdj - verb, anom - "cause, give, put" jtj-mhj - noun, m - "Lower Egyptian barley" hqAt - noun, m - dry measure for grain = 4.8 liters btj - noun, m - "emmer" GRAMMAR: m.k grt - introductory particles Dd.n n.j .. zAnb - VoS pattern "Zaneb said to me" rn.f-snb zA zAnb - honorific transposition "Zaneb son of Renefseneb" jw - introductory particle at the start of Zaneb's reported speech. jw + perfect = past tense. rdj.n.j n.f jtj-mh(j) hqAt 20 - VsdO pattern rdj.n.j n.f btj hqAt 30 - VsdO pattern TRANSLATION: "See, now, Zaneb son of Renesfseneb said to me: `I have given him 20 heqat of Delta Barley and 30 heqat of emmer'." 18.4 m.k grt Dd.n n.j zA-rn.f-snb zA-nb jw rdj.n.j n.f jtj-mH(tj) HqAt 2 btj HqAt 1/4 5 m.k = proclitic particle = behold! look! grt = enclitic particle = now, moreover, but Dd = verb 2-lit = say Dd.n = perfect form of verb = said n.j = preposition + suffix pronoun rn.f-snb = name = renef seneb zA (sign H8) = ideogram for zA = son in proper names zA-rn.f-snb = son of renef seneb - honorific transposition (S4.15) zA-nb = name = za-neb m.k grt Dd.n n.j zA-rn.f-snb zA-nb as written = Look, moreover, said to me, Renef-seneb's son, Za-neb but as the verb precedes its subject (S18.4) = Moreover look, Renef-seneb's son Za-neb said to me jw = Proclitic particle = asserts statement is true rdj = verb anom = give, put rdj.n.j = perfect form of verb + suffix pronoun = I have given n.f = preposition + suffix pronoun = to him jw rdj.n.j n.f = I have given him M33 = ideogram for jtj = grain mH(tj)= nisbe = northern jtj-mH(tj) = northern grain HqAt = heqat 2 = written after hqAt = 20 (hidden away in S9.4) btj = noun = emmer HqAt = heqat 1/4 5 = 25 + 5 = 30 (also hidden away in S9.4: 'x' = 1/4 = 25) jtj-mH(tj) HqAt 2 btj HqAt 1/4 5 = 2 heqat of northern grain and 30 heqat of emmer NB the number of heqats were written this way in 'later hieratic texts' as opposed to a different way in early MK hieratic texts; the regular numerical system was mostly used in hieroglyphic texts (see S9.4 for proper explanation!) m.k grt Dd.n n.j zA-rn.f-snb zA-nb jw rdj.n.j n.f jtj-mH(tj) HqAt 2 btj HqAt 1/4 5 Moreover look, Renef-seneb's son Za-neb said to me: 'I have given him 20 heqat of northern barley and 30 heqat of emmer'. 18.4 Read from right to left. From a letter: rn.f-snb and zA-nb are personal names (4.15); for measurements, see 9.7.4 Transcription: m.k grt Dd.n n.j zA rn.f-snb zA-nb jw rdj.n.j n.f jtj-mH(j) Hq(A)t 2 btj Hq(A)t 1/4 5 Dissection (Be warned. This gets complicated in several places.) 1) m.k = "behold, look" (16.6.7) 2) 2) grt = "moreover" (16.7.10) 3) 3) Dd.n = "(he) has said" perfect, from Dd (verb 2-lit) "say" 4) 4) n.j = "to me" (dative) 5) 5) zA rn.f-snb = "the son of Renef-seneb" Notice that the sign H8 (zA "son," written as an egg) comes after rn.f-snb "Renef-seneb" in the actual inscription (*rn.f-snb zA). This is an example of honorific transposition. The father's name was normally written first as an act of respect (4.15) 6) zA-nb = "Za-neb," the name of Renef-seneb's son. 7) 7) jw = introductory particle. This introduces the quote (i.e., what Za-neb said). 8) rdj.n.j = "I have given," perfect, from rdj (verb anom.) "give" plus .j 1st person singular suffix pronoun. 9) n.f = "to him" (dative) 10) jtj-mH(j) = "Lower Egyptian (i.e., northern) barley" spelled M33 (jtj "grain"):V23 (mH). (fromdictionary) 11) Hq(A)t = "heqat," a measure of grain (9.7.4) spelled S38-N29:X1-U9 12) 2 = written with 2 vertical strokes. NOTE: When the number is written after Hq(A)t, it signifies multiples of 10. In this case, "20 heqats." 13) btj = "emmer wheat" spelled M34-X1:Z4 14) Hq(A)t = "heqat" 15) 1/4 = spelled with an X. The fraction 1/4 stood for 25 (i.e., 1/4 of 100 = 25) 5 = spelled with five circles. 16) 1/4 (i.e., 25) + 5 = 30, so Hq(A)t 1/4 5 = "30 heqats" NOTE: for numbers 10 through 17 above, consult section 9.7.4! Translation: Literal: Moreover, look, the son of Renef-seneb, Za-neb, has said to me: I have given him 20 heqats of Lower Egyptian barley and 30 heqats of emmer wheat. Paraphrase (informal): "Moreover, see, Za-neb, Renef-seneb's son, has said to me, 'I have given him20 heqats of northern barley and 30 heqats of emmer wheat.' " ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 18.2 Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2006 18:57:02 -0600 18.2 Transliteration: m.k hAb.n.j Hr Hn.k n (j)m(j)-r pr Htw Translation: Look, I have sent word commending you to the steward Hetu m.k Look - particle (16.6.7) introductory word hAb.n.j = I have sent hAb trans. verb 3-lit (send) + n.j = perfect + 1ms suffix (expressing completed action). Hr Hn.k (infinitival construction 14.11.1) Hn.k = commend verb 2-lit commend + 2ms suffix = you n = to - preposition (j)m(j)-r pr = steward - noun Htw = Hetu The perfect is used to denote an action that is viewed as completed at the time the sentence is spoken. 18.2 ORIENTATION: Horizontal, right to left, normal TRANSLITERATION: G17-D36:V31-O4-G1-D58-D54-N35:A1-D2-Z1-V28-M2:N35-V36-Y1:V31A-N35- G17:D21-O1-V28-X1-Z7-A1 G17-D36:V31 m-m(complement, var for D38 or D39):k O4-G1-D58-D54-N35:A1 h-A-b-{ Det MOTION}-n:j D2-Z1 Hr-{ Used as ideogr of signs meant to be read as ideograms rather than phonograms} V28-M2:N35-V36-Y1:V31A H(complement)-Hn:n(complement)-Hn(the previous signs in this word are all complementary)- {Det ABSTRACT, CONCEPTS}:k N35 n G17:D21 m:r O1 pr V28-X1-Z7-A1 H-t-w-{ Determinative MAN} m.k hAb.n.j Hr Hn.k n (j)m(j)-r-pr Htw VOCABULARY: m.k - introductory particle hAb - verb, 3lit - "send, send word" j - suffix pronoun, 1st singular Hr - preposition Hn - verb, 2lit - "commend, command, take care of" k - suffix pronoun, 2nd singular n - preposition jmj-r-pr - noun - "overseer of the hous, steward" Htw - noun - proper name "Hetu" (from Allen) GRAMMAR: hAb.n.j perfect form of hAb, the perfect of transitive verbs can express completed action. In this case, it is often introduced by jw or mk (18.7) Hr Hn.k Hr + infinitive = concomitant or causal action (14.11); the suffix is the object when the subject is not expressed or expressed by an agent (14.5.1). Presumably the agent can be expressed by n while it also serves as the indicator of the perfective. In other words, a literal translation could be: "See, there was a sending word by me while the commending of you (was taking place)." In this version, the English "sending" incorrectly suggests on-going action, an artifact of the language. The perfect is intended. Hn.k looks like a direct genitive to me. n Htw prepositional phrase. TRANSLATION: See, I sent word, which commended you to the overseer of the house Hetu. or See, I sent word, while commending you to the overseer of the house Hetu. QUESTION: Without context, I cannot tell if the "word" was sent to someone else while I commended you to Hetu (concomitant action) or it was the word I sent,which did the commending (and was therefore concomitant). ************************************************ 18.2 m.k hAb.n.j Hr Hn.k n (j)m(j)-r pr Htw Look, I have sent word commending you to the steward Hetu. m.k = "Look", introductory particle hAb.n.j = "I have sent word", verb in the perfect Hr Hn.k = "commending you", Hr + infinitive, concommitant action n = "to" preposition jmj-r pr = "steward", noun, object of the preposition Htw = "Hetu", personal name Introduced by the particle 'm.k', the main verb of this sentence is 'hAb.n.j'. This is a verb in the perfect with a pronomial subject '.j', and is translated "I have sent word". The remainder of the sentence is a 'Hr' + infinitive construction describing concommitant action (§14.11.1). The infinitive is the 2-lit. verb 'Hn', "to commend, command; take care of" only the determinatives distinguish it from the verb meaning "hurry, attack". - '.k' is the object of the infinitive. This part of the sentence finishes with the prepositional phrase 'n jmj-r pr Htw', "to the steward Hetu". For 'jmj-r pr' see §8.9. There, Allen says that this is the usual writing of 'jmj-r'. ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 18.8 Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2006 19:03:39 -0600 18.8 Read right to left. Transliteration: aHa.n mH.n wa m nA n aA r.f m bAt nt Smaj Dissection: 1) aHa.n = "then" (introductory word) 2) mH.n = "has filled," perfect form of Mh (verb 2-lit) "fill" 3) wa = "one" (the number) 4) m = preposition, m links wa to its noun (see Ex.18.1) 5) nA = demonstrative pronoun 6) n = indirect genitive 7) aA = "donkey," spelled O29:D52-E7 8) r.f = "his mouth" (i.e., the donkey's mouth) 9) m = "with" 10) bAt = "sprig, bush," spelled D58-G29-G1-X1:M2 11) nt = indirect genitival adjective (when A is feminine, i.e., bAt) 12) Smaj = "southern barley," s pelled M26-U9:Z2 (from dictionary) Translation: Then one of these donkeys filled his mouth with a sprig of southern barley. ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 18.7 Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2006 19:03:10 -0600 18.7 aHa.n Dd.n.f n.j pH.n.k nn Hr mj Basic construction: 2 perfects - one in the main clause, the other in the direct speech quoted. Dd - to say Dd.n.f - perfect of the verb 'to say' with a 3rd person masculine subject: He said. Dd.n.f n.j - He said TO ME. (This is a case of the perfect of a transitive verb being used to denote completed action AND to express past tense._ When it is so used, it is frequently introduced by 'aHa.n' See section 18.9) Translation so far: Then he said to me. Now we read what was said...... pH - to reach, to attain. pH.n.k - perfect of the verb 'pH', with a 2nd person masculine subject: 'You reached'. nn - neutral demonstrative pronoun of the 'pn' series. The neutral form is used to express 'this' or 'that'. See sections 5.8 and 5.9. So, combining the pronoun with the verb form, you get:You have reached/attained this. (meaning, this SITUATION / STATE OF AFFAIRS). Lastly, this affirmative statement is changed to a question by thetwo little words at the end: Hr mj. mj - interrogative pronoun meaning 'what?' or 'who?' This, combined with the preposition Hr in the sense of 'because of', give you literally 'because of what?' You've reached this (condition) because of what? or... Why are you in this condition? ************************************************ Exercise 18.7 transliteration: aHa.n Dd.n.f n.j pH.n.k nn Hr mj translation: Then he said to me, "why have you reached this situation?" In this sentence, we have a verbal predicate involving a verb in the perfect. The sentence starts off with the introductory word 'aHa.n" which is frequently translated "then". This is followed by 'Dd.n.f' which involves the perfect 'Dd.n' from the 2-lit. verb 'Dd', "say, speak, tell". The perfect here is formed from the base stem 'Dd' with the suffix 'n' attached. The suffix 'f' is the 3MS suffix pronoun and is the subject of the clause. When a clause involving the perfect is introduced by 'aHa.n',it is generally being used as a (simple) past tense. Thus, we have that 'aHa.n Dd.n.f' means "Then he said". The dative 'n.j', "to me", precedes the object of the verb since it involves a suffix pronoun. The object of the verb in this sentence is the unmarked noun clause 'pH.n.k nn Hr mj' and is evidently a direct quote. This clause starts off with 'pH.n.k' which involves the perfect of the 2-lit verb 'pH', "reach, catch, attack". The perfect here is formed from the base stem with the perfect suffix 'n' attached. The suffix 'k' is the 2MS suffix pronoun and expresses the subject of the clause. The object of the sentence is the neuter demonstrative pronoun 'nn', which means "this". Allen says that we're to understand this as "this situation you are in". The last part of this clause is the prepositional phrase 'Hr mj'. 'mj' is an interrogative pronoun meaning "what". 'Hr mj' (lit., "because of what") means "why". Putting these past three paragraphs together, we conclude that 'pH.n.k nn Hr mj' means "why have you reached this situation?". 18.7 aha.n Dd.n.f n.j ph.n.k nn Hr mj aha.n = introductory word = then Dd = verb 2-lit = say, tell Dd.n.f = perfect form of verb + suffix pronoun = he said n.j = Preposition + suffix pronoun = to me aha.n Dd.n.f n.j = then he said to me ph = verb 2-lit = reach, catch, attack ph.n.k = perfect form of verb + suffix pronoun you have reached nn = demonstrative pronoun = this situation you are in - given by Allen [OR nn = this, here (dictionary)] Hr = preposition = on account of mj = interrogative pronoun = who? what? ph.n.k nn Hr mj = (in the order in which translated) = you have reached this situation you are in on account of who/what = on account of who/what have you reached this situation you are in = why have you reached this situation [OR ph.n.k nn Hr mj = (in the order in which translated) = you have reached here on account of who/what? = why have you come here?] aha.n Dd.n.f n.j ph.n.k nn Hr mj = Then he said to me "Why have you reached this situation?" [OR: Then he said to me "Why have you come here?"] NB This is line 35 from The Tale of Sinhue and the translation from the AEL site is: 'Then he said to me how is it that you have reached these parts,' - which seems more in keeping with the dictionary translation of nn here, than Allen's translation of nn = this situation you are in. 18.7 Read right to left. nn "this" refers to "this situation you are in" Transcription: aHa.n Dd.n.f n.j pH.n.k nn Hr mj Dissection: 1) aHa.n = "then" (introductory word) 2) Dd.n.f = "He has said," perfect, from Dd (verb 2-lit) "say" plus 3rd masculine singular suffix pronoun. 3) n.j = "to me" (dative) 4) pH.n.k = "You have reached" from pH (verb 2-lit)"reach" 5) nn = "this" (see hint) 6) Hr mj = literally, "because of what?" mj is the interrogative pronoun "who? what?" (5.11) Translation: Literal: Then he has said to me: You have reached this (situation) because of what? Paraphrase: Then he said to me, "Why have you reached this situation?" Paraphrase (informal): Then he said to me, "Why have you gotten yourself into this?" ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION #18.6 Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2006 19:02:44 -0600 18.6 read right to left Dd.n.f nn, rx.n.f qd(w).j, sDm.n.j SsA.j, mt (r).n wj r(m)T kmt ntjw jm Hna.f Dd verb 2-lit say Dd.n.f He said nn demonstrative pronoun 5.8 this rx verb 2-lit learn rX.n.f because he learned qdw noun character .j my sDm verb 3-lit he has heard SsA.j my wisdom mt(r) verb 3-lit testify wj 1s dependent pronoun 5.4 me rmt noun people kmt noun Egypt ntj relative adjective who jm prepositional adverb there HnA preposition 8.2.9 with him 18.6 glyphs: D-d-n-f-nn-r-x-DET-n-f-qd-d-jn/nw-DET-j-sDm-m-n-f-S-s-sa-a-DET-DET-j- mt-t-DET-DET-DET-n-w-j-r-T-DET-pl.sign-km-m-t-DET-n-t-ntj -pl.sign--j- m-H-n-a-f grouped: Dd.n.f nn, rx.n.f qd(w).j sDm.n.f SsA.j mt(r).n wj r(m)T kmt ntjw jm Hna.f words: Dd=say/tell/speak, Dd.n.f=he said/told/spoke nn=this/that (neutral) rx=know/experience, rx.n.f=he knows qd To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 18.5 Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2006 19:01:12 -0600 18.5 ORIENTATION: horizontal, right to left, normal TRANSLITERATION: M17-G43-U23-D58-A2:N35-F34:Z1-A1-U2:D4-G1-G1-Y4-Y1:Z2-Q3-G40-X1*N9:Y1- D1-X1 M17-G43 j-w U23-D58-A2:N35 Ab-b(complement)-{ Det. THINK}:n F34:Z1-A1 jb:{ Used as ideogr of signs meant to be read as ideograms rather than phonograms}-j U2:D4-G1-G1 mA:{ Det. for actions associated with the eye}-A (complement)-A Y4-Y1:Z2 zxA-{ Det WRITING}:{ Det in PLURAL} Q3-G40-X1*N9:Y1 p(complement)-pA-t*{var of X6: Det in pAt "origin"}:{ Det ABSTRACT, CONCEPTS} D1-X1 tp-t jw Ab.n jb.j maa zxAw pA(w)t tpt VOCABULARY: jw - introductory particl Abj - verb, 3ai - "desire, wish" jb - noun, m - "heart" j - suffix pronoun, 1 sing maa verb, 2ag - "see" zxA - noun, m - "writing" pAwt - noun, f - "original time" tpj - nisbe - "first" GRAMMAR: jw + perfect = past tense (18.9) jb = subject of Abj maa = infinitive, direct object of maa zxAw = plural, direct object of maa xzAw pAwt = direct genitive construction tpt = fem nisbe in agreement with pAwt TRANSLATION: "My heart has longed to see the writings from the first times (creation of the universe). This English version translates pAwt, a singular, as plural to fit more closely with colloquial usage. ************************************************ 18.5 Read right to left Transliteration: jw Ab.n jb.j mAA zXAw pA(w)t tpt Dissection: jw = introductory particle Ab.n = "has/have desired/wished," perfect form of Abj (verb 3ae-inf.) "desire, wish" jb.j = "my heart" (subject) mAA = "to see, seeing" (infinitive) (14.12) zXAw = "writings" (noun from zXA "write" (verb 3-lit), spelled Y4-Y1:Z2 pA(w)t = "original time, creation" tpt = "first" (feminine form to agree with pAwt)(9.3) zXAw pA(w)t tpt = direct genitive phrase: "writings of the first creation," "writings of the first original time" Translation: My heart has desired to see the writings of the first creation. ************************************************ 18.5 jw Ab.n jb=j mAA zXAw pAwt tpt jw = introductory particle, usually present in clauses with perfect verbs Abj (3ae-inf) = desire (here, perfect) jb = heart mAA = to see (here, infinitive) zXAw = writings pAwt = original time, creation tpt = first (feminine to agree with pAwt) My heart has desired to see the writings of the original first time of creation. ************************************************ 18.5 jw Ab.n jb.j mAA zXAw pAwt tpt jw = proclitic particle = indicates statement is temporarily true Abj = verb 3ae-inf = desire, wish Ab.n = perfect form of verb = had desired/wished jb.j = noun +suffix pronoun = my heart mAA = verb 2-ae gem = see = infinitive = to see/seeing jw Abj jb.j mAA = My heart had wished to see zXAw = noun = writings pAwt = noun = original time, creation tpt = first (S9.3) (feminine to agree with pAwt) zXAw pAwt tpt = the writings of the first original time jw Ab.n jb.j mAA zXAw pAwt tpt my heart had wished to see the writings of the first original time ==============================================================================