From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 17.1 Date: Wed, 27 Sep 2006 14:17:46 -0500 17.1 jzwt.Tn jj.t(j) ad.t(j) nn nhA n mSa.n Our crew returned intact, without loss of our expeditionary force. jzwt.Tn = "Our crew", written with an extra 'T' (bottom of p.219), the subject jj.t(j) = "returned", stative 3fs ad.t(j) = "intact", adverb clause with 3fs stative predicate nn negates existence / adverbial sentences nhA = "loss" n mSa.n = "of our expeditionary force" This sentence contains a main clause and two adverb clauses. The main clause is the SUBJECT-stative construction 'jzwt.Tn jj.tj'. This is an intransitive verb so is translated with active meaning "Our crew returned". The extra 'T' in 'jzwt.Tn' is very tricky and I didn't spot it before looking at the key. I suppose the fact that the pronoun at the end of the sentence is 'n' is a sort of clue. The next clause is the unmarked adverb clause consisting of the stative (without a preceding subject) 'ad.tj', "(it is) intact". This is similar to the clause 'wa.kw', "(I was) alone" in the first example of =A717.19. The remainder of the sentence is an unmarked adverb clause. As an independent sentence it was Exercise 10.36. There it is treated as a sentence with adverbial predicate. Here Allen's translation suggests that 'n mSa' is an indirect genitive, and 'nn' is a non-verbal negation of existence. (=A711.4). For link words used to translate an unmarked adverb clause see =A712.7, in particular the third example. 17.1 Transliteration: jw.j mj z(j) jtw m axxw bA.j zj.w Xaw.j Ad.w Translation: I was overtaken by nightfall, my ba gone, my body listless. jw.j proclitic particle + 1s suffix pronoun mj = like zj = man jtw = overtaken (given by Allen m = by axxw = nightfall - noun bA.j = ba - noun + .j 1s suffix pronoun xj.w go - verb 2-lit + w 3ms stative suffix Subject-stative construction as past tense (17.6) Haw.j = body - noun + 1s suffix pronoun Ad.w = adjective-verb 2-lit = listless + 3ms stative suffix Stative of an adjective verb describes a quality of its subject (17.7) ************************************************************** 17.1 glyphs: jz-w-t-DET-pl.sign-T-n-pl.sign-j-j-t-DET-aD/ad-d-t-DET-n-n-n-H-w-DET- n-mSa-DET-pl.sign-n-pl.sign took me a long time to work out that first glyph was not Y1, but M40! sorted: jzwt Tn jjt aDt nn nHw n mSa n words: jzwt = crew; jjt < jj = come, return; jjt = jj.tj 3FS because jzwt is fem. adt < ad - 2 lit adj-verb = safe/to be safe, adt = ad.tj - it/she is (has become) safe nhw = loss, need; mSa - army/expeditionary force literally: your crew has come/returned (and) is safe, no/not loss of expeditionary force now .Tn `your' - is apparently really .n `our' because the T was added to reflect pronunciation of feminine jzwt as jzwtita (or s.t. similar) before a suffix - isn't it wonderful how these little complexities can confuse a beginner?! So: our crew has returned safe, (with)-no-loss/without-the-loss of our expeditionary force 17.1 Read right to left Transcription: jzwt.Tn jj.t(j) ad.t(j) nn nhw n mSa.n Dissection: > jzwt.Tn = for jzwt.n "our crew." For spelling, see Essay 17. .n is the 1st person plural suffix pronoun. Note that the first sign is M40 NOT Y1. > jj.t(j) = stative form of anom. verb jj "come (back), return." .tj is the 3rd fem. singular stative suffix since jzwt is a fem. noun. > ad.t(j) = stative form of 2-lit. adj. verb ad "safe." The stative of an adj. verb can be expressed, as per 17.17, as "...had become, and was now...." Onceagain, the 3rd fem. singular stative suffix is used. > jzwt.Tn jj.t(j) ad.t(j) = a compound sentence. Literally, "Our crew returned and had become, and was now, safe." > nn = "not" (see 11.4) > nhw = "loss" > n = genitive > mSa.n = "our expeditionary force" > nn nhw n mSa.n = nonverbal phrase. Literally, "The loss of our expeditionary force was not," or "the loss of our expeditionary force did not exist." Translation: Literal: Our crew returned and had become, and was now safe; the loss of our expeditionary force did not exist. Paraphrase: Our crew returned safely, without the loss of our expeditionary force. *************************************** 17.1 (read right to left jzwt.Tn jj.t(j) adt nn nhw m mSa.n "Our crew has returned safe without loss to our expedition. jzwt.Tn - Our crew. This looks like "your(pl) crew" but according to the phonology section in essay 17, can also be a writing for 'jzwt.n' with the extra 'T' marking that the final 't' in 'jwzt' wasn't silent as many other final 't' endings were at that point in the development of the spoken language. I don't know how you can tell the difference except by context. jj.t(j) - Stative of the anomolous verb 'jj' "come, return" with third person singular feminine suffix, to agree with jzwt, which is apparently a singular collective? '.tj' can also be second person plural, but that doesn't agree with the subject. adt - "safe" This is the 2-lit. adjective-verb 'ad' with (I think)the feminine adjectival ending 't' to again agree with the subject, QUESTION: but I'm not sure what it is here. An adverb? The object of the verb? It can't be the infinitive because 2-lit. verbs don't take -t. Could it be a second stative form ad.t(j)? "Our crew has returned and is safe"? nn - negative particle. Here it negates the existence of the following noun phrase, the whole thing acting as either an unmarked adverb clause (?) or a separate independent clause. nhw - "loss" whose existence is being negated. n - "of" preposition This phrase modifies 'nhw'. mSa.n - our expedition. So putting it together we have, "Our crew came/returned safe/and is safe. There was no loss from our expedition." 17.1 jzwt.Tn jj.t(j) ad.t(j) nn nhw n mSa.n jzwt - crew jzwt.Tn - our crew (for jzwt.n, see Essay 17) jj (verb anom.) - return jj.t(j) - stative 3FS (may also be 2S) ad (verb 2lit) - safe ad.t(j) - stative 3FS nhw - loss mSa - expeditionary force Our crew has returned, [it is] intact, without the loss to its expeditionary force ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 17.3 Date: Wed, 27 Sep 2006 14:24:48 -0500 17.3 jb.kw wAw pw n wAD-wr I thought that it was a wave of the sea. jb.kw = "I thought", stative, 1s wAw = "a wave" pw demonstrative pronoun n wAD-wr = "of the sea" The main clause of this sentence is is an example of the stative without a preceding subject. With a first person singular subject this construction is used for past action (=A717.17.1) . The remainder of the sentence is a noun clause which forms the object of the verb. This noun clause is an A pw nominal sentence where A is the indirect genitive 'wAw n wAD-wr', "a wave of the sea". This noun clause was Exercise 7.18: "It was a wave of the sea". 17.3 Transliteration: jb.kw wAw pw n wAD-wr Translation: I thought it was a wave of the sea jb=think, suppose - verb 2-lit + .kw 1s stative suffix wAw = wave - noun pw - demonstrative pronoun = it was n = of - indirect genitive wAD-wr = sea - noun The clause wAw pw n wAD-wr is an A pw sentence used as an unmarked noun clause, object of jb.kw (12.14) 17.3 read right to left jb.kw wAw pw n wAD-wr I thought it was a wave of the sea. jb verb 2-lit think .kw 1s suffix pronoun stative suffix I jb.kw I thought wAw pw n wAD-wr A pw sentence noun (also and unmarked noun clause?) it was a wave of the sea 17.3 (read right to left) jb.kw wAw pw n wAD-wr "I thought (that) it was a wave of the sea." jb.kw - stative of the 2-lit. verb 'jb' "think, suppose" with first person singular suffix wAw - "wave" noun pw - demonstrative. n - "of" preposition. Introduces a phrase modifying the A pw sentence. wAD-wr - "Great Blue-Green" Egyptian term for the sea. 'jb.wk' is "I thought" or "I suppose" 'wAw pw' is an A pw sentenceof existence used as a noun clause standing as the object of the verb. 'n wAD-wr' is a prepositional phrase modifying that sentence as so part of the clause. ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 17.2 Date: Wed, 27 Sep 2006 14:21:39 -0500 17.2 glyphs: m-a-k-r-f-n-pl.sign-jj-DET-n-pl.sign-m-Htp-t-p-DET sorted: m.k r.f n jj.n m Htp words: m.k = behold; r.f = so (lit: with respect to it, i.e. to what came before); n = dep.prn `we'; jj.n < jj.n(w) - older form of 1st per. pl. = we are come/we have come; m = in; Htp = rest/peace so: so behold we have come in peace 17.2 (m.k r.f n jj.n(w) m htp) (m.k) proclitic particle = look, behold (r.f) enclitic particle = so, usually second in the sentence, derived from (r) = with respect to. (n) preposition = to, for (jj.n) stative verb, anom., = have come, intransitive (expresses result of prior action BY the subject) (.n) suffix pronoun 1PL = we, us (m) preposition = in (htp) noun = peace = Look, we come in peace. 17.2 read right to left m.k r.f n jj.n(w) m Htp So, look we have returned in peace. m.k particle 2ms 16.6.7 Used to introduce a main clause look r.f enclitic particle governing a suffix so n jj.n (w) we have returned Htp adjective-verb 3-lit calm m Htp in peace 17.2 transliteration: m.k r.f n jj.n(w) m Htp translation: So look, we have returned in peace This sentence starts of with two particles. The first is the proclitic particle 'm.k', which is typically translated by "look". This is followed by the prepositional phrase 'r.f' which here serves as an enclitic particle which relates this sentence to a preceding one; it is frequently translated by "so". This sentence uses the SUBJECT-stative construction. The subject is the 1PL dependent pronoun 'n', and it precedes the stative and follows the introductory particles. The stative stem is 'jj' from the anomalous verb 'jj', "come, return". The stative has the 1PL stative suffix attached in agreement with the subject 'n' of the sentence. This suffix takes the uncommon form N35 (ripple of water) over Z2 (three strokes) and is transliterated as 'nw'; this form of the 1PL stative suffix apparently was the original form and is extant in a few early ME texts. Finally, the stative 'jj' is modified by the prepositional phrase 'm Htp', which means "in peace". Given that the sentence begins with the particles 'm.k r.f' ("So look"), the use of the stative of 'jj' by the speaker is apparently to draw attention to a recently completed act of returning. Thus the stative is here translated into the English present perfect, and we have the translation: "So look, we have returned in peace". 17.2 ORIENTATION: horizontal, right to left, normal TRANSLITERATION: G17-D36:V31-D21:I9-N35:Z2-M18-M17-D54-N35:Z2-G17-R4:X1-Q3:Y1 G17-D36:V31 m-{var for D38 or D39 so complementary m?):k D21:I9 r:f N35:Z2 n:{Det in PLURAL} M18-M17-D54-N35:Z2 j-j-{Det MOTION}-n-{Det in PLURAL} G17 m R4:X1-Q3:Y1 Http:t(complement)-p(complement): {Det WRITING, ABSTRACT, CONCEPTS} MdC: m.k r.f n jj.n(w) m Htp VOCABULARY: m.k - proclitic particle - "see, behold" r.f - enclitic particle - "concerning it, so" n - dependent pronoun, 1st plural jj - verb, anomalous - "come" m - preposition Htp - noun, m - "peace" GRAMMAR: m.k (16.6.7) and r.f (16.7.2) introduce the sentence. n is the object of m.k which has verbal force: "see us". Also serves to introduce the subject of the verb. jj.n(w) 1st plural stative form. This is subject stative. m Htp prepositional phrase. TRANSLATION: "So see us, we have come in peace." Perhaps: "So, see us, in peace we have been welcomed"? ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 17.4 Date: Wed, 27 Sep 2006 14:27:34 -0500 17.4 (aHa.n.(j) jn.kw r jw pn jn wAw n wAD-wr) (aHa.n.j) introductory word = then (jn.kw) transitive verb from 3ae-inf., = fetch, get, use - stative 1S (r) preposition = to, for (jw) noun = island (pn) demonstrative pronoun, MS = this/that - follows the noun (jn) preposition = by (wAw) noun = wave (n) preposition = of (wAw-wr) noun = the great blue-green, the sea = then I was taken (fetched) by a wave, to this island in the sea. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17.4 aHa.n.(j) jn.kw r jw pn jn wAw n wAD-wr Basic construction: stative with a transitive verb, showingthe result of a prior action performed on its subject. Build-up -------- jn - base stem of the triliteral (3-weak) jnj - to fetch, get jn.kw - 1st person singular stative "I am brought", "I have been brought". This construction has a personal pronoun as the subject (I). So it is introduced by a particle. In this case, it's the particle 'aHa.n', which denotes simple subsequent action: aHa.n.(j) jn.kw - Then I was brought. The rest of the sentence is pretty straightforward: r jw pn - to this island jn - preposition indicating the agent wAw n wAD-wr - wave of the sea. "Then I was brought to this island by a wave of the sea." 17.4 (read right to left) aHa.n.(j) jn.kw r jw pn jn wAw n wAD-wr "Then I was fetched to this island by a wave of the sea." aHa.n.(j) - this is a common introductory particle with the stative is used for past action, translates as "then". jn.kw - stative of the 3ea-inf. verb 'jnj' "fetch, get, use" r jw pn - prepositional phrase "to this island" jn - "by" marks the agent of the passive verb wAw - "a wave" n wAD-wr - "of the sea" prepositional phrase. 'wAD-wr' literally "great blue-green" is an egyptian term for the sea. There was a huge debate on AEL earlier this year as to just what sea, or bodies of water, this refers to. :-) 17.4 aHa.n.(j) jn.kw r jw pn jn wAw n wAD-wr aHa.n - then jn.kw - stative 1S of the verb jnj, to bring jw pn - this island jn - by wAw - wave wAD-wr - great blue-green = the sea Then I was brought to this island by the wave of the sea ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 17.8 Date: Thu, 28 Sep 2006 14:50:03 -0500 17.8 Dd.k(w) r.j n.f Dd + verb 2-lit = say, speak Dd.k = verb + stative suffix 1S = I said/spoke (S17.17) r.j = enclitic particle = relates second clause to a previous one = so n.f = preposition + suffix pronoun = to him Dd.k r.j n.f = So I spoke to him 17.8 glyphs: D-d-k-j-r-j-n-f grouped: Dd.kj=Dd.kw r.j n.f words: Dd.kw = stative of intrans. 2-lit verb `Dd' = to speak/tell/say = past tense = I spoke r.j = like r.f = `so' = with respect to what came before n.f = to him finally: so, I have spoken to him 17.8 Read right to left. Hint: for r.j, see 16.7.2 Transcription: Dd.kw r.j n.f Dissection : > Dd.kw = stative of Dd (verb 2-lit.) "say, tell, speak" .kw is the first person stative singular suffix. "I said, I told, I spoke" > r.j = lit., "with respect to myself." According to 16.7.2, it usually refers back to a previous sentence and can merely be translated as "So,...." > n.f = dative "to him" Translations: Literal: I spoke, with respect to myself, to him. Paraphrases: So, I spoke to him. So, I told him. ________________________ 17.8 Dd.k(w) r.j n.f Although the stative is formed with a pronominal subject, it usually has a second subject (noun or pronoun), which is placed before the verb. In this sentence, this is not the case. Here, the subject of the stative is its own suffix pronoun, rather than a separate word. The stative, by itself (without a separate subject), can be used as a main clause indicating past tense. Dd - to speak Dd.kw - 1st person stative form. Used as a past tense here,"I spoke" Dd.kw n.f - I spoke to him. The last piece to analyze is 'r.f' See section 16.7.2 - here it serves to relate its clauseto something that has gone before. Without the larger context, it's not possible to see what prompted the speaker to do what s/he did ('speak to him'), but there wassomething that resulted in this. Thus, Allen's use of the word 'So' to start the sentence. QUESTION: (Not happy with that last paragraph...Allen says that the use of 'r' to relate a clause to a previous clause is usually found with the 3rd person pronoun. Here, it's used with .j. So I may be wrong on this one.) 17.8 (read right to left) Dd.k(w) r.j n.f "So I spoke to him." A nice and short one! Dd.k(w) - stative of the 2-lit. verb 'Dd' "say, speak"with first person singular suffix, so the meaningis "I spoke" or more literally, "I am in a state of having spoken". r.j - enclitic particle, translated as "so" sect. 16.7.2 must come second in the sentence. n.f - dative prepositional phrase "to him" ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 17.7 Date: Thu, 28 Sep 2006 14:45:34 -0500 17.7 xnj.kw r jw n km-wr xnj = verb 3ae-inf = land, alight xnj.kw = verb + stative suffix 1S = I landed/had landed (S17.7) r = preposition = at jw = noun = island n = preposition = of km-wr = the Great Black xnj.kw r jw n km-wr = I landed/I had landed at an island of the Great Black 17.7 Transliteration: xn.kw r jw n km-wr Translation: I landed at an island of the Great Black xn = land - verb 3ae-inf + .kw ls stative suffix = I landed r = at - preposition jw = island - noun n = of - prepositional nisbe km-wr = Great Black This is a subject stative construction 17.7 Read right to left Allen transcription: xn.kw r jw n km-wr Alternative transcription: xn.kw r tA n km-wr (see below for reasons for alternative transcription) Dissection: > xn.kw = stative form of xnj (verb. 3ae-inf.) "land, alight" .kw is the first person singular stative suffix. xn.kw "I landed." > r = preposition, literally "with respect to." In this case, translated as "at" > jw or tA = N17-N23-Z1 can be translated as both jw "island" or tA "land," both of which appear to work in this context. > n = genitive > km-wr = "The Great Black," the region of the Bitter Lakes. > Translations: Allen: I landed at the island of the Great Black. Alternative: I landed at the land of the Great Black. NOTE: Translated as "island," the speaker landed in an island in the Bitter Lakes. Translated as "land," the speaker has landed in the land surrounding the Bitter Lakes. 17.7 xn.kw r jw n km-wr xn.kw - stative 1S of the verb xnj (3ae-inf) to alight, to land jw - island km-wr Great Black I landed to the island of the Great Black 17.7 ORIENTATION: horizontal, right to left, normal TRANSLITERATION: Aa1:N35-G41-D54:V31A-G43-A1-D21-N18:N23*Z1-N35:I6-G17-G36:D21-N25 Aa1:N35-G41-D54:V31A-G43-A1 x-n-( Det in xnj "land, alight")-( Det MOTION):k-w-( Determinative MAN; also in first singular pronouns jnk, wj, .kw/kj} D21 r N16 n N18:N23*Z1 jw:( Det LAND)* Used as ideogram of signs meant to be read as ideograms rather than phonograms - Note the first sign in this group is N18, not N16. N35 n I6-G17-G36:D21-N25 km-m(complement)-wr:r(complement)-( Det DESERT) xn.kw r jw n km-wr VOCABULARY: xnj - verb, 3ai - "land, alight" kw - stative suffix pronoun, 1st sing r - preposition jw - noun, m - "island" n - preposition km-wr - noun, m - "Great Black" = "Bitter Lakes" GRAMMAR: xn.kw - stative verb, 1st person singular r tA . - prepositional phrase indicating direction toward tA n kw-wr - indirect genitive construction TRANSLATION: "I have landed at an island in the Bitter Lakes." ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 17.6 Date: Thu, 28 Sep 2006 14:43:20 -0500 17.6 1) jst r.f zb.n Hm.f mSa r tA tjmHjw jst = proclitic particle r.f = enclitic particle jst r.f = introduces new topic or additional information = now (Last para S.17.2) zbj = verb 3ae-inf = send zb.n Hm.f mSa = His Incarnation had sent an expedition (given by Allen) r = preposition = to tA = noun = land tjmHjw = Libyans jst r.f zb.n Hm.f mSa r tA tjmHjw = Now, his Incarnation had sent an expedition to the land of the Libyans 2) zA.f smsw m Hrj jrj zA.f = noun + suffix pronoun = his son smsw = adjective = eldest (given by Allen) zA.f smsw = his eldest son m = preposition = as (something or someone) Hrj = prepositional nisbe = adjective from a preposition = who/which is over (S8.6.7 and S8.6.8) m Hrj = as (the one) who is over jrj = prepositional adverb = pertaining to, with respect to (S8.6.4) = the one above thereto (given by Allen in the answer) I think this means that the object of the phrase 'as the one who is over' is in the previous clause, so the answer to 'what is he over?' is 'the expedition' or 'it'. zA.f smsw m Hrj jrj = his eldest son as the one (who is) over it, 3) tj sw hAb.(w) r H(w)t xAst tj = stands at the head of an adverb clause (S12.16.2) sw = dependent pronoun 3MS = he hAb = verb 3-lit = send, send word hAb.(w) = verb + stative suffix As the stative expresses a 'state' this must describe a state that 'he' is in = he is in the state of having been sent. hAb.(w) = verb + stative suffix = having been sent Hwj = verb 3ae-inf = hit, strike, smite Hwt = infinitive = to smite, smiting r + Hwt = pseudoverbal construction = action that is yet to happen r H(w)t = in order to smite xAst = foreign lands tj sw hAb.(w) r H(w)t xAst = (he) having been sent (in order) to smite foreign lands The lot: jst r.f zb.n Hm.f mSa r tA tjmHjw zA.f smsw m Hrj jrj tj sw hAb.(w) r H(w)t xAst = Now, his Incarnation had sent an expedition to the land of the Libyans, his eldest son as the one over it, having been sent to smite foreign lands 17.6 This one drove me crazy!!! Allen tells us: it is from a story (jst r.f zb.n hm.f mS r tA tjmhjw, zA.f smsw m hrj jrj, tj sw hAb.(w) r h(w)t XAswt) (jst) proclitic particle - marks a dependent clause (r.f) preposition + suffix pronoun, 3MS = for it (zb.n hm.f mSa) Allens tells us = His Majesty (His Incarnation) had sent an expedition (tA) noun = land (tjmhjw) noun, plural = Libyans following (tA) it is a direct genitive = land of the Libyans = His Majesty had sent an expedition to the land of the Libyans second part: (zA.f) noun = 3MS suffix pronoun = his son (smsw) Allen:= eldest ,adjective (m) prepostion = to, for (hrj) nisbe = upper, lying on (jrj) per Allen: prepositional adverb; lit. = the one above thereto. QUESTION: Here I get really confused, Allen says : his eldest son as the one over it where does "the one" come from?? third part: (tj)proclitic particle, introduces a marked adverb clause (sw) - 3MS dependent pronoun (hAb.w) verb, stative ???? (r) preposition (hwt) (xAswt) QUESTION: I really couldn't understand this part at all. Please help me. HMWK VOLUNTEER RESPONSE PRIOR TO COLLATION as you stated: (m) prepostion = to, for (hrj) nisbe = upper, lying on (jrj) per Allen: prepositional adverb; lit. = the one above thereto. hrj jrj seems to mean "the commander", i.e. the "one who is over it (the army)". Allen could have been more clear about that. So the army commander is the king's son. The m is the m of predication, i.e. it indicates that the attribute "commander" is an acquired position. It's a prepositional phrase in AE, not in English. The last part, the adverb clause marked by tj, follows the adverb clause pattern: subject - prepositional phrase. The presence of the finite verb hAb in here conceals the adverbial pattern. sw is dependent because it follows the intro particle tj, it also introduces the subject of the subject-stative hAb. You can think of sw hAb(.w) as saying "yes, he, he was sent..." It looks like Allen has left us with the idea that adverb clauses are only non-verbal. That doesn't seem to be the case. After subject has been stated, the prepositional phrase completes the adverb clause. r + infinitive h(w)t as purpose "for the purpose of striking..." and then xAswt is the infinitive's object ("the foreigners"). > I think you were really close to getting it. It takes a little practice, and a bit (well, a lot) of frustration, but eventually it comes. Points: a) infinitives aren't verbs. They're nouns. "To love is to be happy." Subject of the sentence "to love" = "to be happy". These have to be nouns, by definition. But... they can have verbal power, that is, they can take objects: "To love someone is to enjoy life." Both infinitives taking an object, but they're still nouns. But you probably knew all that already. b) Prepositions are harder. I think it's already been noted somewhere in our group that you can't translate prepositions directly from one language to another. In fact, you often see different usages within a language. ' Many people say "I'm waiting FOR someone," I say "I'm waiting ON someone." Is there really a difference between "uptown" and "downtown"? Some people seem to think so, but I don't understand it. And when we understand something, what is it, exactly, that we're standing under? I don't know. In AE, preposition + infinitive is a prepositional phrase because the infinitive is a noun. And that should ring the adverb clause bell. Whenever you see a preposition followed by an infinitive form, start looking up meanings in chapters 14 and 15. I don't think you can always tell the difference between the meanings described in the two chapters. Ultimately, technically, they're all adverbial. But you probably knew that, too. I just wanted to make sure, and have a little fun with the word "understand". I'll never understand it. I hope this helps. ************************************************ 17.6 read right to left jst r.f zb.n Hm.f mSa r tA tjmHjw zA.f smsw m Hrj jrj tj sw hAb.(w) r H(w)t xAswt Meanwhile, His incarnation had sent an expedition to the land of the Libyans, his eldest son as the one over it, he having been sent to smite foreign lands. jst particle r.f enclitic particle when it governs a suffix pronoun Meanwhile zb.n Hm.f mSa His incarnation had sent an expedition r preposition to tA noun land tjmHjw noun Libyans zA son .f his smsw eldest m as Hrj the one jrj over tj particle introduces a marked adverb clause 16.6.16 sw 3 ms dependent pronoun it hAb.(w) having been sent r prepostion to H(w)t verb 3ae-inf. smite xAswt noun foreign lands ************************************************ 17.6 ORIENTATION: horizontal, right to left, normal TRANSLITERATION: M17-S29-X1-D21:I9-O35-D58-D54:N35-U36-Z1:I9-A12-A1:Z2-D21-N16:N23*Z1- U33-G17-V28-M17-T14-A1*B1:Z2-N25-G39:I9-A19-A1-G17-D2:D21-Z4:N1-M17- D21:Z4-U33-M23-Z7-O4-G1-D58-D54:D21-V28-A24-X1:D36-N25:X1*Z2 M17-S29-X1 j-s-t D21:I9 r:f O35-D58-D54:N35 z(Phonogr z in zbj "send away, go away")-b-{Det MOTION}:n U36-Z1:I9 Hm-{ideogr of signs meant to be read as ideograms}:f A12-A1:Z2 mSa-{ Determinative MAN}: {Det in PLURAL} D21 r N16:N23*Z1 tA:{ Det LAND, especially IRRIGATED LAND}*{ideogr of signs meant to be read as ideograms} U33-G17-V28-M17-T14-A1*B1:Z2-N25 tj-m-H-j- {Det FOREIGN, as an ideogr suggesting THnw "Libya"}-{With B1 and plural strokes (Z2), determinative PEOPLE}-{Det DESERT, FOREIGN LAND} G39:I9 zA:f A19-A1 {Ideogram for iAw "old", smsw "eldest"}-{ Determinative MAN} G17 m D2:D21-Z4:N1 Hr:r(complement)-y: {Det ABOVE} M17-D21:Z4 j-r-j U33 tj M23-Z7 sw-w(complement) O4-G1-D58-D54 H-A-b(also suggesting its use as an Ideogr for bw "place, thing")-{Det MOTION} :D21 r V28-A24-X1:D36 H-{ Det. FORCE, EFFORT)-t:{var for D40: Det. FORCE, EFFORT) N25:X1*Z2 Ideogr for xAst:t(complement)* {Det in PLURAL} CODAGE: jst r.f. zb.n Hm.f mSa r tA tjmHjw zA.f smsw m Hrj jrj tj sw hAb.(w) r H(w)t xAswt VOCABULARY: jst - proclitic particle r.f - enclitic particle zb.n Hm.f mSa - Allen's quote: "His Incarnation had sent an expedition" r - preposition tA - noun, m - "land" tjmHj - noun, m - "Libyan" zA - noun,m - "son" f - suffix pronoun, 3rd sing, m smsw - Allen's quote: "eldest" m - preposition Hrj - nisbe - from preposition Hr jrj - prepositional adverb - "thereunto, with respect to it/them" tj - proclitic particle 16.616, and 12.16.2 sw - dependent pronoun, 3rd sing, m hAb - verb, 3 lit, "send Hwj - verb, 3ai - "hit, strike, smite" xAst - noun, f - "foreign land" GRAMMAR: jst r.f - introductory particles zb.n Hm.f mSa - Allen's quote r tA tjmHjw - adverbial phrase of destination, tA tjmHjw - direct genitive construction tj - proclitic particle sw - dependent pronount following the proclitic particle, introducing subject of the stative hAb.(w) - subject stative, 3rd sing, m, transitive verb, passive in this sense. r Hwj xAst - adverbial phrase of purpose Hwt - infinitive of Hwj xAswt - plural of xAst, object of Hwt. TRANSLATION: "And so His Incarnation had sent an army to the land of the Libyans, his eldest son in command, yes, he was sent to strike the foreign lands." 17.6 transliteration: jst r.f zb.n Hm.f mSa r tA tjmHjw zA.f smsw m Hrj jrj tj sw hAb.(w) r Hwt xAswt translation: Now/Meanwhile, His Incarnation had sent an expedition to the land of the Libyans, his eldest son chief of it, he having been sent to smite foreign lands possible alternative translation: Now/Meanwhile, His Incarnation had sent an expedition to the land of the Libyans, his eldest son chief of it, he having been sent to visit foreign lands This sentence starts off with 'jst r.f zb.n Hm.f mSa r tA tjmHjw'. This begins with the combination of particles 'jst r.f'; this combination typically introduces a new topic or additional information in the course of a narrative. They can be translated by words like "now", "furthermore", or "meanwhile". Allen tells us that 'zb.n Hm.f mSa' means "His Incarnation had sent an expedition". This is followed by the prepositional phrase 'r tA tjmHjw', which means "to the land of the Libyans'. We then have 'zA.f smsw m Hrj jrj tj sw hAb.(w) r Hwt xAswt'; this is a clause with an adverbial predicate. Since it is not introduced by a particle, this clause is best viewed as an unmarked adverb clause (describing the circumstances of the main clause) rather than as another independent clause. As usual for clauses with adverbial predicates, the predicate is preceded by the subject, which is the phrase 'za.f smsw' meaning "eldest son". The predicate is an example of the 'm' of predication; we have 'm Hrj' which identifies the subject as an 'Hrj'. 'Hrj' is a prepositional nisbe that is used here as a noun and means "who is upper, over", here with the significance of "chief (of the expedition)". The predicate is modified by 'jrj' and 'tj sw hAb.(w) r Hwt xAswt'. 'jrj' is an adverb derived from the preposition 'r' and means "with respect to it, pertaining to it". Thus 'jrj' here qualifies "chief" to being chief "of it", i.e. the expedition. 'tj sw hAb.(w) r Hwt xAswt' is an adverb clause marked by the proclitic particle 'tj'. This clause is an example of the SUBJECT-stative construction. The subject is given by the 3MS dependent pronoun 'sw'. 'hAb' is the stative stem of the triliteral verb 'hAb' meaning "to send". The stative suffix, which would be 'w' in agreement with the 3MS subject, is not written. The stative of this transitive verb is being used as a past tense in the passive voice. Thus 'sw hAb.w' means "he was sent"; Allen translates "he having been sent" in accordance with this being an adverb clause giving the circumstances of the son being put in charge of the expedition. 'hAb.w' is modified by the prepositional phrase 'r Hwt xAswt'. The object of the preposition is an infinitival phrase starting with the infinitive 'Hwt'; this infinitive is derived from the 3ae-inf. verb 'Hwj', which generally means "hit, strike, smite". 'xAswt', which means "foreign lands", is the object of the infinitive. Thus, 'r Hwt xAswt' translates as "to smite foreign lands". (Note, however, that the dictionary in the back of the book says that when 'Hwj' has an object of place, it can have the meaning "visit". So, 'r Hwt xAswt' could mean "to visit foreign lands". On the other hand, I imagine that the ancient Egyptians probably had little reason to visit the Libyans other than to deal with them as enemies.) ============================================================================== From: "KMOTC" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY COLLATION 17.5 Date: Thu, 28 Sep 2006 14:31:43 -0500 17.5 aHa.n.(j) aq,kw Hr jty aHa.n.(j) = Then I stood up = Then (15.6 explains aHa.n.j; 17.6: introduces subject-stative construction as past tense) aq = verb 2-lit = enter aq.kw = verb + stative suffix 1S = I entered (S17.6) Hr = preposition = before jty = sovereign aHa.n.(j) aq,kw Hr jty = Then, I entered before the sovereign **************************************************************** 17.5 aHa.n.(j) aq.kw Hr jty Then I entered into the presence of the sovereign. aHa.n.j = "Then I", aq.kw = "entered", stative 1s Hr = "into the presence of", preposition jty = "the sovereign" As in sentences with pseudoverbal predicate the introductory word 'aHa.n',"then", is followed by the subject (=A715.6). The subject must be an unwritten 1s suffix pronoun 'j'. So this is a SUBJECT-stative construction with apronomial subject. Following 'aHa.n' the stative expresses a past tense. The verb 'aq' is intransitive: it is followed by the prepositions 'r' or 'Hr' to indicate where is being entered. It is therefore active in meaning: "I entered". Following 'aq', the preposition 'Hr' means "into the presence of" (Dictionary p.456). The object of the prepostion is 'jty' (or 'jtjj'),"sovereign" (Essay 6). ************************************************ 17.5 Tranliteration: aHa.n.(j) aq.kw Hr jtj Translation: Then I entered before the sovereign aHa.n.(j) = Then - introductory word + suffix pronoun - subject aq.kw = I entered - verb 2-lit (enter) + 1s stative suffix Hr = before - infinitive jtj= sovereign - noun This is a subject stative construction introduced by aHa.n ************************************************************************ 17.5 aHa.n.(j) aq.kw Hr jtj Basic construction: SUBJECT-stative verb, because the subject is the personal pronoun 'I'. Build-up -------- aq - (2-lit) - to enter (used intransitively here) aHa.n - introductory particle. When the SUBJECT-stativeform is used as a past tense, it is often introduced by a small group of particles, and aHa.n is one of them. aHa.n.(j) aq.kw - then I entered aHa.n.(j) aq.kw Hr - then I entered into the presence of aHa.n.(j) aq.kw Hr jtj - then I entered before the sovereign. For the unusual representation of 'jtj', see the last paragraph of Essay 6. 17.5 transliteration: aHa.n.(j) aq.kw Hr jtj translation: Then I entered before the sovereign This sentence involves the SUBJECT-stative construction. It begins with 'aHa.n', which is typically translated by "then". When the SUBJECT-stative construction begins with 'aHa.n', it indicates that the stative is being used as a simple past tense and not to express the perfect aspect. The subject of the sentence is given by the 1st person, suffix pronoun 'j' which is attached to 'aHa.n'. Here we have the stative of the 2-lit verb 'aq', which means "enter". The verb is followed by a prepositional phrase starting with 'Hr'; Allen states that 'aq Hr' means "enter before, into the presence of". The stative stem of a 2-lit. verb is just the base stem, so here the stative is just 'aq'. This stative is followed by the 1S stative suffix 'kw' in agreement with the expressed subject 'j'. Since the stative of an intransitive verb after 'aHa.n' is to express a past action without regard to aspect, we have that 'aHa.n.j aq.kw' means "Then I entered". As mentioned above, the sentence concludes with the prepositional phrase 'Hr jty'. Since it modifies 'aq', we translate it as "before the sovereign" or "into the presence of the sovereign". ==============================================================================