From: "kmotc" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY HMWK COLLATION LESSON #7.30 AND #7.38 A PW NOMINAL Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2005 20:39:57 -0600 Exercise 7.30 ------------- transliteration: mrt rn.s translation: Her name was Meret This is an A B nominal sentence where A is the name mrt and B is rn.s. Both A and B can simultaneously be nouns/noun-phrases (as opposed to a pronoun) when one of them expresses kinship or contains rn 'name', which B here does. The third person, feminine, suffix pronoun '.s' attached to a noun expresses possession, so is here translated as 'her'; hence rn.s means 'her name'. mrt ('Meret') is the name of the person in question. Putting it all together, we have the translation 'Her name is Meret'. The past tense is used in the translation since the sentence is taken from a story. ********************************************************** 7.30 Read right to left mrt rn.s Translation: her name was Meret mrt (+A2 determinative to speak + D1 determinative for female) = Meret - proper noun rn.s noun phrase rn = name .s = third person feminine singular suffix pronoun This is an AB nominal sentence with nouns (7.8.1 A or B contains noun of Kinship or the noun rn name) A - Meret is the nominal predicate and answers the question "what was her name" B - the subject, is the noun phrase rn.s her name (rn-name, known as an inalienable because it designates a relationship that is normally unbreakable). ******************************************************************* 7.30 Right to left reading. It is from a story so the sentence is presumed to be in the past tense. A B Sentence mrt rn.s Her name was Meret. In A B sentences with rn, rn is always the sentence subject. (See 7.12.2) mrt Meret, a name rn.s her name noun rn plus 3FS suffix pronoun. Homework problem 7.38 First, the noun: Hmwtj - 'craftsman'. Form the plural as usual with the -w ending, and you get 'Hmwtjw' - 'craftsmen'. The 3 plural strokes show that this is a plural form. The only thing left in the sentence is the 'pw'. So this has to be the 'A pw' construction. 'pw' can mean 'he is', 'she is', 'they are', etc, so since Hmwtjw is plural, you end up with: Craftsmen they are. -> They are craftsmen Exercise 7.38 Hmwt(j)w pw "They are craftsmen." I got this one wrong. It's an A pw sentence obviously, but I had 'Hmwtj pw' "He is a craftsman." or "This is a craftsman" with a singular predicate. There are plural strokes, so I guess it should be plural and I was confused by the complicated noun, and my brain said, "it's weird, so we'll just ignore the plural strokes like we do on collective nouns." Oops! So it's 'Hmwt' a noun meaning 'craft' turned into an adjective by adding -j so 'Hmwtj' is, well, I don't know who you'd say that in English. Then this adjective meaning something has the attribute 'craft' is used as a noun so we get 'one who has the attribute craft' which is used to mean 'craftsman'. We then make that plural by adding -w to the singular. Note that 'Hmwt' would normally be a feminine (plural?) noun, but Hmwtj here acts as masculine. Is this right? Are all nisbes masculine regardless of the gender of the underlying noun? What's actually written is Hmwt + person determinative + plural strokes. Since skill or craft is written with the abstract (scroll) determinative, the person tells us this is craftsmen and not crafts, so that's how we might know to insert the weak 'j'. Faulkner actually gives the transliteration 'Hmwt' for "craftsmen" as a collective, so I assume the interpretation of this as a nisbe and the implied transliteration of 'Hmwt(j)w' instead is a more recent idea? BTW, Faulkner gives 'Hmt' as "skill, craft" and 'Hmw' is "be skilled, skillful", so all these words clearly have the same root, but I don't see how they all relate. ***************************************************************** Question 38 Read from right to left - Hmwt - craft - Hmwtj - Craftsman nisbe from Hmwt - Hmwtjw - Craftsmen - Nominal sentence of type A pw Sentence transliteration - Hmwtjw pw Sentence meaning - These are craftsmen. ============================================================================== From: "kmotc" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY HMWK COLLATION # 7.2 AND 7.5 A pw Nominal Sentences Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2005 20:29:10 -0600 Homework 7.2 Read right to left: jnk pw It is I. An A pw nominal sentence is a form of AB pattern where B is pw. A is the noun B is the demonstrative pronoun jnk first person independent pronoun always first subject pw third person singular pronoun Depending on the context A pw can mean "He is A", "She is A", "They are A", "It is A", "This is A", "These are A", or "Those are A". ********************************************************************* Question 7. 2 Read from right to left - (j)nk - 1S - independent pronoun - Nominal sentence of the type A pw Sentence transliteration - (j)nk pw Sentence meaning - This is me. ***************************************************************************************************** Exercise 7.2 jnk pw "It is me" - A pw nominal sentence - A is ink = independent pronoun (1st person) 7.5 Right to left reading xt.j pw It is my property. A pw sentence. xt.j Noun predicate xt with 1S suffix pronoun .j "my property" pw Pronoun subject is "it is" --verb is understood. Pw refers to "property" What is it? My property. The A pw pattern consists of 2 parts. The first part A, can be a noun. noun phrase or a pronoun, B is the demonstrative pronoun pw. Pw can be masculine , feminine, neutral or plural in an A pw sentence. It is translated according to the context as perhaps, it is, she is , they are etc. (See 7.9) ************************************************************************ Exercise 7.5 ------------ transliteration: Xt.j pw translation: It is my property This is an A pw nominal sentence where A is the noun phrase Xt.j meaning 'my property'. ************************************************************************ 7.5 Transliteration: xt.j pw Translation: It is my property. Notes: An A pw nominal sentence. The A part of the sentence is the noun "property," with the first person suffix pronoun attached to show possession. It is the predicate. The B portion contains the demonstrative pronoun pw and is the subject. ============================================================================== From: "kmotc" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY HMWK COLLATION LESSON #7.42 A PW NOMINAL Date: Sun, 30 Oct 2005 20:43:06 -0600 ............. 7.42 gr-r-H-DET-DET-p-w rearranged: grH pw where grH = end; pw = he/she/it is . literally: end, it is this is a A pw nominal sentence topic and subject is 'end' so: it is (a/the) end finally: it is the end (phew!) Exercise 7.42 MdC (JSesh)- grH "end" [Adm. 5,14] g:r-H-D41:Y1-p:Z7 Step A - Allen's Dictionary and Lessons Allen Dictionary: g:r-H-D41:Y1 = grH (noun) "end" p:Z7 = pw (demostrative pronoun) see 5.8 "this, these" or "that, those" the -w demostratives are older equivalent of the -n series, and have the same meaning; they are still used in Middle Egyptian, though usually in religious texts or in special functions. Step B - Transliterate grH pw Step C - Translate grH pw is an A pw nominal sentence. It is the end *********************************************************************************** #42 (grH pw) Nominal predicate Apw (grH) - noun = attack (pw) - demonstrative pronoun 3MS But since this is an Apw type sentence it is neutral = it =It is the end. I do appreciate Dr. Allen's sense of humor!! ============================================================================== Date: Mon, 31 Oct 2005 08:59:11 -0800 From: Ralph Giles To: Ancient Egyptian Language List Subject: Re: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY HMWK COLLATION LESSON #7.42 A PW NOMINAL On Sun, Oct 30, 2005 at 08:43:06PM -0600, kmotc collated: > #42 (grH pw) Nominal predicate Apw > [...] > =It is the end. > > I do appreciate Dr. Allen's sense of humor!! Hee hee. I loved that one. Interestingly, two pages later in chapter 8 'm grH' is translated as "in the night". Checking the dictionary they're written with different determinatives. Is there any evidence on whether these were the same word or not? -r ============================================================================== Date: Mon, 31 Oct 2005 08:52:04 -0800 From: Ralph Giles To: Ancient Egyptian Language List Subject: Re: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY HMWK COLLATION # 7.2 AND 7.5 A pw Nominal Sentences On Sun, Oct 30, 2005 at 08:29:10PM -0600, kmotc collated: > Homework 7.2 > xt.j pw It is my property. > Xt.j pw > xt.j pw In case anyone's confused, the majority is correct here. Third h (the one with the curved underline) is 'x'. It's fourth h (the one with the straight underline) that's capital 'X'. The noun Aa1*X1:Y1 "stuff" is 'xt' in MdC. -r ============================================================================== From: "kmotc" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY HMWK COLLATION LESSON 7.18 AND 7.19 Date: Mon, 31 Oct 2005 12:43:36 -0600 Homework problem 7.18 wAw pw n wAD-wr Let's start out with the nouns: wAw = wave (masc) wAD-wr = "great blue-green" = sea wAw n wAD-wr is an indirect genitive construction meaning 'wave of the sea' To turn this noun phrase into a sentence, the Egyptians used the "A pw" construction. BUT... the pronoun 'PW' tries to move as far as possible toward the front of the sentence, without passing the first word. An indirect genitive construction is divisible, so the 'PW' can "sneak inside" it. So the transformation is: 'wave of the sea PW' changes into ... 'wave PW of the sea', which means ... 'a wave IT IS, of the sea', or in normal English ... It is a wave of the sea. ************************************************************ # 7.18 wA-A-w-DET-p-w-n-wAd-wr-r-DET this contracts down to: wAw pw n wAd-wr wAw - wave; pw - he/she/it is/are.; n - of; wAd-wr - great (wr) blue-green (wAd) i.e. the sea (how descriptive! nfrwj mdt pn!) literally: wave, it is - of the sea a nominal sentence, A pw - it is a wave, with an adjectival phrase added - of the sea subject is the topic of the sentence (what is 'it'?): wave of the sea finally: it is a wave of the sea 7.18 waw pw n wAD-wr waw = wave = A pw = it is n = of wAD-wr = sea = of the sea = B ApwB Either A or B can be the predicate, but "It is a wave of the sea" makes most sense ********************************************************************* 7.19 Transliteration: HfAw pw Translation: It was a snake. Notes: An A pw nominal sentence. Both Gardiner and Faulkner show HfAw and not xfAw. Allen doesn't say why he uses x. The context of the sentence is a story, so I used the past tense in translation. Exercise 7.19 HfAw pw "It is a snake" - A pw nominal sentence - A is a noun, HfAw ("snake") - masculine singular Problem 7.19 HfAw pw Vocabulary: HfAw = 'snake'. Finally, an easy one! Sentence form is "A pw", which is the most common structure used when one of the elements is a noun. A pw -> Noun pw -> HfAw pw -> 'It's a snake', or 'it was a snake'. Egyptian nominal and adjectival sentences have no inherent tense, so I guess either a present or past tense in English could fit. But assuming that this sentence is taken from a narrative, with the author describing a series of events in the past, the past tense seems like a safe bet. ============================================================================== From: "kmotc" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: AEL ALLEN GLYPHSTUDY HMWK COLLATION LESSON 7.10 AND 7.13 A PW NOMINAL Date: Mon, 31 Oct 2005 12:39:44 -0600 7.10 Read from right to left Hn pw Translation: It is an attack Hn = attack -noun + phonogram M2 and D54 determinative "motion" pw = It is - demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular This is an Apw sentence in which A, Hn, an attack, is the predicate and answers the question "what is it"? B, pw, It is, is the subject (pw or a demonstrative pronoun in B is always the subject (7.12.1) In the Apw sentence pw is neutral but can have a masculine, singular or plural referent (7.9). *************************************************************** Excercise 7.10 (read right to left) Hn pw "It is an attack" This is an A pw sentence. The predicate is a single noun 'Hn' meaning "attack" according to the gloss (from the verb "go speedily, hurry, attack" according to the dictionary). The spelling is the biliteral M2 (a shrubbery) between both its phonetic complements, followed by D54 (walking legs) as a determinative. #7.10 (Hn pw) Nominal Predicate 'A pw' (Hn) - noun = attack This is part A (pw) - demonstrative pronoun 3MS But because this is an ' Apw' sentence it is neutral = it = It is an attack. 7.13 N29 S29 T19 N35:G36&X1 Q3:Z7 Qnst pw . P 469: N29 S29 T19 N35:G36 -> qsn adjective-verb 3-lit =AB difficult =BB A pw nominal sentence: (7.15) qsn is adjective, but use like a noun Pw is a demonstrative pronoun It is a difficult one Exercise 7.13 MdC (JSesh) p:Z7\-n:t:G37\-T19\-s\-q\ - qsn "difficult" [Leb. 20] Step 0 - Reverse signs orientation q-s-T19-n:t:G37-p:Z7 Step A - Allen's Dictionary and Lessons Allen Dictionary: q-s-T19-n:G37 = qsn (adjective-verb 3-lit.) "difficult" p:Z7 = pw (demostrative pronoun) see 5.8 "this, these" or "that, those" the -w Demonstratives are an older equivalent of the -n series, and have the same meaning; they are still used in Middle Egyptian, though usually in religious texts or in special functions. Faulkner's Dictionary: T19-n:G37 = qsn painful, Westc. q,22;10,4; (..) P.Kah. 3,33 ( q-s-T19-n:G37 ); (..) ; difficult, Pr.11,11; q-s-T19-n:t-G37:Z2 = qsnt trouble, misfortune, Les. 10,2; Leb. 15.20; Step B - Transliterate qsnt pw Step C - Translate qsnt pw It's a Nominal sentence of type A pw but A is an adjective used like a noun, and not a noun (see paragraph 7.15 ). I have not fully understood the key of the exercise (see question n.1), because I am not sure of the gender of the subject. Faulkner's Dictionary has the word qsnt ( q-s-T19-n:t-G37:Z2 ) from the same text [Leb 20] who has the t but has also the plural strokes, if the adjective is qsnt and not qsn + feminine ending t the subject may be "it". She is a difficult one / It is a trouble KEY: It is a difficult one Questions 1) Is qnst feminine? If yes, why is "it is" and not "she is?" ******************************************************************************** Problem 7.13 qsnt pw Vocabulary: qsn = adjective meaning 'difficult'. Note that it has the feminine suffix '-t' added to it. Note also the sparrow with the rounded tail (Gardiner G37) that often accompanies nouns and adjectives with a negative ("bad", "small") connotation. The following 'pw' clues us in immediately that we're looking at an "A pw" construction. But "A pw" is usually used when A is either a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun. So what's an adjective doing in there? Allen to the rescue! In his key, he refers to paragraph 7.15, where he explains that Egyptians would sometimes use a noun construction (like A pw) instead of the normal adjectival form. So here, 'qsnt' is the nominalized form (feminine) of the adjective 'qsn' We enjoy the same liberty in English, where we can describe a homework problem as being 'difficult', or we can describe it as being a 'difficult one'. So, the literal translation would be 'It's a difficult ONE'. ============================================================================== From: "Timofey" Subject: AEL Re: New translation: Westcar 4.17-5.9 To: Ancient Egyptian Language List Date: Tue, 01 Nov 2005 11:32:28 +0300 Beginning of the next tale: 4.17-4.18) aHa pw jr.n njswt zA ra bAw.f r mdt, Dd.f ?What king?s son Bauefra did was to stand up in order to speak, saying:? Syntax is the same as on line1.17, see my previous post 4.18-4.20) dj.j sDm Hm.k bjAyt xprt m rk jt(j).k snfr-w(j) mAa xrw m jryt Xrj H(A)b Hrj tp DADA m anx ?I will let Your Incarnation hear a miracle happened in the time of your father Snefru, justified, of what the chief lector priest Djadjaemankh did.? Syntax is the same as on line 1.18-1.20, see my previous post 4.20-4.21)hrw nA n jw tmmt xpr ?day?that which did not happend? tmmt is passive perfective participle, xpr is negative complement. 4.22-4.23) [jw dbn.n Hm.f at] nbt nt pr njswt anx(.w) wDA(.w) snb.(w) r HjHj n.f st qbt n gm.n.f sj ?His Incarnation has gone around every department of the King?s Farm alive, sound and healthy to search a cool place for himself without finding it.? The verb in the first clause is the Perfect, anx(.w) wDA(.w) snb.(w) ? three statives, HjHj ? Infinitive. Second clause contains Perfect. 4.23-4.24) Dd.jn.f j.zj jn n.j Xrj H(A)b Hrj tp zXAw mDAt DADA m anx jn.jn.tw.f n.f Hr awj ?Then he said: Go and bring for me the chief lector priest, Scribe of the book Djadjaemankh. Then he has been brought for him immediately.? First clause contains sDm.jn.f form. Second clause contains two Imperatives. Third clause contains passive sDm.jn.f form. 4.24-5.1) Dd.jn n.f Hm.f jw dbn.n.j at nbt nt pr njswt anx(.w) wDA(.w) snb.(w) r HjHj n.j st qbt n gm.n.j sj ?Then the His Incarnation said to him: I have gone around every department of the King?s Farm alive, sound and healthy to search a cool place for myself without finding it.? First clause contains sDm.jn.f form. Syntax of the rest of the sentence is the same as on line 4.22-4.23 5.1-5.2) Dd.jn n.f DADA m anx Hwj A wDA Hm.k r S(j) n pr aA anx(.w) wDA(.w) snb.(w) ?Then Djadjaemankh said: Would that Your Incarnation proceed to the lake of the Palace alive, sound and healthy.? First clause contains sDm.jn.f form. Second clause contains Subjunctive. 5.2-5.5) spr n.k bAw m nfrwt nbt nt Xnw aH.k jb n Hm.k r qbb n mAA Xnn.sn Xnt m xd m xnt ?Equip a ship with all young women of your palace?s interior. Heart of Your Incarnation is to become cool at seeing they row with northwards and southwards excursion.? Predicate in the first clause has been expressed with Imperative, lit. ?Equip for yourself?. Predicate in the second with r plus infinitive, mAA is Infinitive, Xnn.sn is Special Imperfective Relative serving as object of the infinitive. Xnt ?excursion/journey? is a noun. 5.5-5.7) jw.k Hr mAA zSw nfrw n S(j).k jw.k Hr mAA sxwt.f xfAAwt.f nfrw jw jb.k r qbb Xr.s ?You will be seeing beautiful marshes of your lake. You will be seeing its beautiful fields and watersides. Your heart is to become cool with it.? Three adverb clauses with predicates expressed with ?Subject Hr/r Infinitive? construction. jw jb.k r qbb Xr.s is literally ?Your heart is to become cool under it (i. e. having it )? 5.7-5.9) jw.j Hm r jrt Xnt.j jm(j) jn.tw n.j wsrw 20 n Hbnj bAk(.w) m nbw xmat jrj m sbq bAk(.w) m Damw ?Truly, I am to make my excursion. Have a twenty oars of ebony plated with gold with its handles of sqb wood plated with electrum be brought for me.? First clause contains ?Subject Hr/r Infinitive? construction. jm(j) is the Imperative of verb rdj, jn.tw is the Subjunctive serving as object of Imperative. bAk(.w) is the Stative. To be continued... Timofey Shmakov ============================================================================== From: SAINT-ANTONIN Francois 154125 To: "'AEgyptian-L@rostau.org.uk'" Subject: AEL U1, U2 or U3 Date: Wed, 2 Nov 2005 15:40:20 +0100 Hi everybody, I am looking for how and where the transliteration m3 is attested for U1, U2 or U3 ???? Regards, Fran=E7ois ============================================================================== Date: Wed, 2 Nov 2005 13:15:02 -0800 (PST) From: Weben Banu Subject: AEL Re: AE words and shades of meaning To: Ancient Egyptian Language List They're related concepts, at least as far as ancient Egyptians are concerned I suppose.^_^ I've noticed that the ancient Egyptians seem to use the same word with a slightly different nuance of meaning, depending on the context in which it's used. These can sometimes also be distinguished, as you've pointed out, by the determinatives used to write them.^_^ It's a really fascinating thing to see- it's like you can get into their heads and see the boundaries which we have drawn between concepts dissolve and reform along their own lines. That's one of the really fun things about languages- particularly those belonging to ancient cultures who aren't around to "speak" with us in any other way. Regards, Katherine --- Ralph Giles wrote: > --- See http://www.rostau.org.uk/AEgyptian-L/ for > AEL resources. > --- Copyright in the following belongs to the > undersigned. > --- To reply privately, send to rillian@telus.net > > On Sun, Oct 30, 2005 at 08:43:06PM -0600, kmotc > collated: > > > #42 (grH pw) Nominal predicate > Apw > > [...] > > =It is the end. > > > > I do appreciate Dr. Allen's sense of humor!! > > Hee hee. I loved that one. > > Interestingly, two pages later in chapter 8 'm grH' > is translated as "in > the night". Checking the dictionary they're written > with different > determinatives. Is there any evidence on whether > these were the same > word or not? > > -r ============================================================================== From: SAINT-ANTONIN Francois 154125 To: "'AEgyptian-L@rostau.org.uk'" Subject: AEL Blood Date: Wed, 2 Nov 2005 16:12:38 +0100 Hi everybody, I am looking for expression/sentence where the word 'blood' (snfw) is present in hieroglyphs. Regards, Fran=E7ois ============================================================================== From: "Sothis" To: "'Ancient Egyptian Language List'" Subject: AEL Hatchepsout myth of birth Date: Thu, 3 Nov 2005 22:08:38 +0100 Hi, I am working on the texts of the temple of Deir el-Bahari. Can somebody help me with this inscription from Naville, The temple of Deir-el-Bahari, part II, Plate LIII : http://kemyet.club.fr/divers/deirelbahari.gif Thank You ______________________________ Sylvie GRIFFON CESTAS, France URL : http://sothis-egypte.com Courriel : nebettaouy@club-internet.fr ============================================================================== Date: Fri, 04 Nov 2005 17:47:40 +0100 From: ROSMORDUC Serge To: Ancient Egyptian Language List Subject: AEL New JSesh version Hello, Just a message to announce a new version of JSesh, version 2.0alpha7. JSesh is hieroglyphic text editor, published as free software. This new version introduces two important improvements : * column-oriented and right-to-left texts (on screen, and on WMF and bitmap pictures) * the possibility to add your own signs to JSesh. For this, you also need some line-graphics editing software, like adobe illustrator if you are rich, and Inkscape or fontforge if you want free software. You can download it at http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/jsesh/JSesh-install-2alpha7.jar?download The JSesh home page is : http://www.iut.univ-paris8.fr/~rosmord/JSesh/ Regards, S. Rosmorduc ============================================================================== From: "Henri.Doranlo" To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: Re: AEL Hatchepsout myth of birth Date: Fri, 4 Nov 2005 11:33:23 +0100 Hi Sylvie, It is necessary to compare the theogamy of Hatchepsut with that of Amenhotep III at Luxor. The scenes are similar but at Louxor the gods Heka-magic and the Hapy-Nile introduce the child and his Ka toward the Enneade, whereas at Deir el-Bahari the two divinities carrying the child and his double are the Hapy-Nile and Iat-milk The text which captions the scene is the same one with this close at Louxor "sSm" is written with the alternative of the sign of the T32 butcher knife, while DeB gives the basic sign T31. Another difference, the sign F17 "wab" is written with the plural strokes at Louxor, with the singular at DeB. Although the texts and their orientation are identical, Urk IV, 232 (DeB) and Urk IV, 1720 (L) do not propose the same reading order. Ambiguity results from the setting in scene of the orientation of the signs : "Pr ms Hr stS" being directed compared to the Enneade, "Dd mdw its sSm mAat-kA-ruffle wab" being directed compared to the gods who carry Hatchepsut and his Ka. Dd mdw sA sSm(.w) sbj m mAa.t-kA-ra wab pr-ms Hr stS To be pronounced : The son is led (for) that Maâtkarę arrives purified at the house of birth/(or) chapel of the magic charm of Horus and Seth See : H. Brunner, Die Geburt des Gottkönigs, 1986, p 140-145 Best regards, Henri doranlo ============================================================================== From: To: "Ancient Egyptian Language List" Subject: Re: AEL Hatchepsout myth of birth Date: Sat, 5 Nov 2005 15:01:06 -0800 Could it be that the m after sbj should be before pr and was written after sbj to better use the space available ? Dd mdw sA sSm(.w) sbj mAa.t-kA-ra wab m pr-ms Hr stS Your original transliteration: Dd mdw sA sSm(.w) sbj m mAa.t-kA-ra wab pr-ms Hr stS To be pronounced : The son is led (for) that Ma=E2tkar=EA arrives purified at the house of birth/(or) chapel of the magic charm of Horus and Seth See : H. Brunner, Die Geburt des Gottk=F6nigs, 1986, p 140-145 Best regards, Henri doranlo ==============================================================================